MORPHOLOGICAL AND SEMANTIC FACTORS IN BORROWING WORDS

Аннотация

This article demonstrates how the interaction between world nations has had an impact on various fields, including the field of language. It highlights the significant aspects of how words enter society based on extralinguistic factors and how these words are adapted to the linguistic factors of the language, specifically morphological and semantic aspects. In this process, both the similarities and differences are also discussed. Clear and precise exampleshave been provided for all thepresented ideas. Key words: morphological, semantic, English, borrowed words, linguistics. In the process of borrowing words from foreign languages, the components of the words — roots (bases), affixes, and other morphemes also undergo noticeable changes or are adapted tothesystem of theborrowing language and grammatical norms of Uzbek. Borrowed words often possess prefixes or suffixes that are not compatible with the Uzbek language. Forexample:  democracy → demokratiya, philosophy → filosofiya — in this case, the suffixes "- cracy" and "-phy" from Greek/Latin are expressed in Uzbekas "-iya1."  The verb "modernize" in English, when borrowed, changes morphologically into "modernizatsiya" (noun)or "modernizatsiyalamoq" (verb)2. Borrowed words enable the creation of new units based on the word formation models of the Uzbek language. For instance:  kompyuter → kompyuterlashtirish, kompyuterchi, kompyuterlashmoq. Here, verb- forming (-lashtir, -chi), noun-forming, and auxiliary affixes are added. This process highlights therich morphological possibilitiesofUzbek3. Borrowed words also enable thecreation ofcompound words in Uzbekwithother terms: 1RaxmatullayevSh.Hozirgio‘zbekadabiytili.–Toshkent:Fan,2006. 2RasulovM.Terminshunoslikasoslari.–Toshkent:O‘zbekistonmilliyensiklopediyasi,2010. 3Qo‘chqorovQ.O‘zbektilidayangiso‘zlar.–Toshkent:Akademnashr,2019. page405 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue05,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai  marketing → marketing strategiyasi, internet marketing, marketing kursi. Here, the word combines with an Uzbek unit to become a compound term. This morphological adaptation is an active and natural form of borrowing4. Someborrowed forms, originally complex morphemicstructures, are simplified:  administrator → admin, Information → info, television → televizor, application → ilova. In this case, semantic abbreviation is accompanied by the removal of morphemic parts ortheadaptation toUzbek5. While many borrowed words may initially remain unchanged, they later become fully integrated into thegrammatical system oftheUzbek language, showing full adaptation:  blog →blogchi, blogim, blogimizda yozilgan, trend → trendlar, trendinga kirish. This shows that these words are fully "naturalized" in the Uzbek language, conforming to grammatical norms. Thus, morphological factors in word borrowing are linked to the grammatical, word-forming, and inflectional possibilities of the Uzbek language. Borrowed words adapt to the morphological system ofthenational language, aligning with itsword-formation models. In the development of a language, the adaptation of borrowed words to the syntactic system is crucial. Syntax — which is the study of sentence structure and the connection patterns of words and phrases — reveals how borrowed words function in sentences, their order, and howtheyintegrate intosyntactic structures. Words borrowed from English are adapted to the specific grammatical sentence structures of Uzbek, especially in verb-noun order, adjective-noun agreement, and possessive and definiteness forms. For instance, the English "word order" becomes "so‘z tartibi" in Uzbek, where theword order ischanged due tosyntactic norms6.  Database →ma’lumotlarbazasi,  Mobilephone →mobiltelefon,  Userinterface →foydalanuvchi interfeysi. Borrowed units are often not adopted in their ready form but are incorporated into word combinations, adjusted to the syntactic structure of the Uzbek language, i.e., they are used in a modifier-modified order. While in English the modifying word comes at the end, in Uzbek itis placed at thebeginning7.  Security system →xavfsizlik tizimi, 4G‘afforovN.So‘zyasashningmorfologikmodellarigadoir.–“Filologiyamasalalari”,2021,№2. 5KarimovD.So‘zo‘zlashtirishvauninormallashtirishmuammolari.–“Tilvaadabiyotta’limi”,2020,№1. 6Qo‘chqorovQ.O‘zbektilidayangiso‘zlarvaneologizmlar.–Toshkent:Akademnashr,2019. 7KarimovD.Tilshunoslikkakirish.–Toshkent:O‘zbekistonMilliyEnsiklopediyasi,2015. page406 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue05,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai  Energy source →energiyaning manbai,  Translation tools→tarjima vositalari. In the current computer age, there is a high demand for short, simple expressions in sentence structure. Therefore, bo