FROM ANCIENT GAMES TO GLOBAL DOMINANCE: THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION AND FUTURE OF FOOTBALL

Аннотация

Football ( English : football ; foot — "foot", ball — "ball") is a sports game. The goal of the game is to get the ball into the opponent's goal . This is attempted by the goalkeeper of each team , who is allowed to touch the ball with his hand inside the penalty area near his own goal. All other players, as well as the goalkeeper who goes outside his own penalty area, are not given this right. During the fight for the ball, it is forbidden to use force such as knocking down, hitting the opponent. If a player is in a position to hit the ball with any part of his body (usually his feet) other than his hands, the player is considered in possession of the ball. Football is usually played on a rectangular field . Key word: For the ball, 2 sections of 45 minutes, Football Brazil , Germany , Italy , Argentina , Farg'ana , Samarkand , Tashkent , Andijan . [ 1-5 ] Introduction. Each team consists of 11 players (10 players and one goalkeeper). An individual soccer game is called a match, and consists of 45 - minute halves each . Between the first and second halves, the teams change places. There are also types of football that may have fewer players - including beach football (played on sand), mini football (played in a specially covered hall), neighborhood football (played on any field with any number of players). The size of the gates is proportional to the size of the field. Football is played as a team with a ball on a special field (90-120 x 45- 90) with two goals ( 7.32 x 2.44 m). The weight of the soccer ball is 410-450 g, the length of the circle diameter is 68-70 cm, the main time of the game is 90 minutes (2 sections of 45 minutes, a break of 12-15 minutes). Football-like games Egypt BC and was known in Eastern countries, and then moved to Europe. In 1848 in Great Britain Cambridge University teachers developed the first modern football rules . [ 5-8] In 1857, the first football club was founded in the city of Sheffield in this country. In 1863, the English Football Association was established and football rules were approved. Europe at the end of the 18th century - at the beginning of the 19th century and Football associations were also established in South American countries. In 1896, football was included in the program of the Olympic Games. In 1904, the international football federation - FIFA was established. Football is widely developed in countries such as Brazil , Germany , Italy , Argentina , Great Britain. From the beginning of the 20th century, matches were played in Uzbekistan based on modern football rules . [ 13-17-22] In 1912, the first football team was formed in Kok . Later, football teams appeared in the cities of Farg'ana , Samarkand , Tashkent , Andijan , and Namangan https://scientific-jl.com/wsrj 9 6 Volume-39_Issue-2_May-2025 World scientific research journal . Since the 20s of the 20th century, competitions of various categories (Uzbekistan championship since 1937) have been regularly held in our country. In 1956, the establishment of the "Pakhtakor" team in Tashkent and the construction of the stadium of the same name gave impetus to the development of football in the republic. From the 80s of the 20th century, a new generation of football players was brought up in Uzbekistan. Soccer ball soccer ball is a ball . According to football rules, the circumference of the ball should be 68-70 cm, the mass should be 410-450 g, the internal air pressure should be 55-80 kPa , and it should be covered with leather or similar material. Relevance of the topic: The standardization of soccer balls began in 1863 , when the rules for the shape of the balls were introduced. 1872 - year this to the rules changes entered . Current balls are 32-sided spherical icosahedrons , 12 of which are regular pentagons and 20 regular hexagons . Icosahedron and soccer ball Soccer balls were originally of one color: brown, white. In the 1960s, balls were painted black- and-white for broadcasts of football matches on black-and-white television . With the advent of color television, this practice became unnecessary, and now the balls are painted in different colors. Football The area is rectangular and covered with natural grass. The football field should also be equipped with a number of additional equipment . That is, gates, nets, flags must meet the specified requirements. The length of a football field --- 90-120 meters The width of the football field --- 45-90 meters Penalty area --- 16.5 meters by 40.32 meters Goalkeeper area --- 18.32 meters by 5.5 meters Lines on the field --- 12 cm Corner kick --- 1 m2 at 90 degrees The center of the field is the radius of --- 9.15 meters the circle The weight of the soccer ball --- 410-450 grams Circling the soccer ball --- 68-71 cm Air pressure on a soccer ball --- 0.6-1.1 General description of football game rules. The rules of the football game mean all the requirements for the organization and conduct of the game. In addition, restrictions, bans and other situations on