CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND HYGIENIC PRINCIPLES OF HEALTHY NUTRITION

Аннотация

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) encompass various diseases and disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. These conditions impair heart function or negatively impact vascular health. Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Maintaining a healthy diet is crucial in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases, as proper nutrition helps maintain thehealth ofthe heart and vascular system. Keywords:Fats, proteins, smoking, atherosclerosis Types ofCardiovascular Diseases Ischemic Heart Disease A condition caused by impaired oxygen supply to the heart muscle, usually due to atherosclerosis (the formation of fatty plaques in blood vessels) and vascular narrowing.[1,2,3,4] - Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Death of heart muscle cells due to the blockage of blood vessels supplying theheart.[5,6,7] Atherosclerosis A condition where fats and other substances accumulate in the inner walls of blood vessels, causing them to narrow and harden. This reduces oxygen and nutrient supply to the heart and otherorgans.[8,9,10,11] HeartFailure A condition where the heart muscle is unable to perform its function effectively, leading to reduced pumpingcapacity.[12,13,14] Arrhythmias andHeart RhythmDisorders Irregularheartbeats, includingaccelerated, slowed, orerratic heart rhythms.[15,16,17,18] Hypertension(High BloodPressure) Persistent high blood pressure increases stress on the heart and blood vessels, leading to deterioration ofcardiovascular health.[19,20] Aneurysms Enlargement or swelling of certain parts of blood vessels or the heart. If ruptured, aneurysms can https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue3,2025 765 causesevere bleeding and fatal complications.[21,22,23] Thrombosis Formation of blood clots in blood vessels, which can obstruct blood flow and lead to ischemia in vitalorgans such as theheart orbrain.[24,25] HygienicPrinciples for Preventing CardiovascularDiseases Limiting Fats - Beneficial Fats: Omega-3 fatty acids (found in salmon, sardines, chia seeds, and nuts) support heart health.[26,27] -Harmful Fats: Reducing trans fats and saturated fats (found in fried and fast foods) is crucial, as they contributeto vascular narrowing and increase cholesterol levels.[28] ReducingSaltIntake Excessive salt consumption raises blood pressure and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The recommended daily salt intakeis nomorethan 5grams.[29] Limiting SugarandFructose Industrially processed sugars and fructose increase blood sugar levels and contribute to cardiovascular disease. It is essential to reduce consumptionof sweets and sugary drinks.[1] ConsumingPlenty ofFruits andVegetables Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that protect the heart and bloodvessels. They contain heart-protectivecompounds such as potassium.[2,3,5] Choosing WholeGrains Whole grains (such as oats, whole wheat bread, and brown rice) help lower cholesterol levels andsupport heart health.[7,8] ProperHydration Drinking enough water is crucial for heart function and maintaining proper blood circulation.[9,10] Limiting Alcohol Consumption Excessive alcohol intake raises blood pressure and negatively impacts cardiovascular health.[11,12] MonitoringBloodSugarandCholesterol Levels A balanced diet helps regulate blood sugar and cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart diseases. Lean protein sources (such as poultry and fish), fiber-rich foods, and antioxidants contributeto maintaining cardiovascularhealth.[30]