BAGHDAD SCHOOL OF LINGUISTICS AND THE GROUPS WORKING IN IT: THEIR DIFFERENT ASPECTS

Аннотация

This article covers the formation process of the Baghdad School of Linguistics, its scientificactivities and its rolein thedevelopment of Arab-Islamic culture. The main areas of the school, including the formation of the theoretical foundations of the Arabic language, grammatical research, lexicography and translation activities, are discussed. The Baghdad School is one of the centers of Oriental science, where many famous scientists, linguists and translators worked. The article also discusses in detail how representatives of this school used the Greek, Persian and Indian cultural heritage, and the process of translating scientific works from different languages into Arabic. The grammatical studies of the Baghdad School laid the foundation for the development of Arabic linguistics in subsequent centuries and played an important role in the formation of Arabic grammar, morphology, and syntax. The article also analyzes the relations of the Baghdad School of Linguistics with other scientific centers, including the Basra and Kufa schools, and their mutual influence. This study clearly reveals the scientific heritage of the Baghdad School and its influencein later periods. Keywords: Baghdad School of Linguistics, Arabic linguistics, grammar, morphology, syntax, lexicography, translation, scientific heritage, Arab-Islamic culture, Basra School, Kufa School, philosophy, logic, Oriental science. Zusammenfassung. Dieser Artikel beleuchtet den Entstehungsprozess der Bagdader Sprachschule, ihre wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit und ihre Rolle in der Entwicklung der arabisch- islamischen Kultur. Die Hauptbereiche der Schule werden diskutiert, darunter die theoretischen Grundlagen der arabischen Sprache, grammatische Forschungen, Lexikographie und Übersetzungstätigkeiten. Die Bagdader Schule war eines der führenden wissenschaftlichen Zentren des Ostens, in dem viele berühmte Wissenschaftler, Linguisten und Übersetzer tätig waren.Darüber hinaus wird in dem Artikel ausführlich beschrieben, wie die Vertreter dieser Schule das kulturelle Erbe der Griechen, Perser und Inder nutzten und wie der Prozess der Übersetzung wissenschaftlicher Werke aus verschiedenen Sprachen ins Arabische verlief. Die grammatischen Studien der Bagdader Schule bildeten die Grundlage für die Weiterentwicklung der arabischen Linguistik in späteren Jahrhunderten und spielten eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entwicklung derarabischen Grammatik, Morphologie undSyntax. Der Artikel analysiert außerdem die Beziehungen der Bagdader Sprachschule zu anderen wissenschaftlichen Zentren, insbesondere zu den Schulen von Basra und Kufa, sowie deren gegenseitige Beeinflussung. Diese Untersuchung ermöglicht eine präzise Darstellung des wissenschaftlichen Erbes derBagdader Schule undihres Einflusses auf spätere Epochen. Schlüsselwörter. Bagdader Sprachschule, arabische Linguistik, Grammatik, Morphologie, Syntax, Lexikographie, Übersetzung, wissenschaftliches Erbe, arabisch-islamische Kultur, Basra-Schule, Kufa-Schule, Philosophie, Logik, orientalische Wissenschaft. Plan: https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue2,2025 644 1.Introduction. Baghdad is thecenter of theAbbasid Caliphate. 2.Three groups ofthe Baghdad school. Representatives ofthe firstgroup. 3.Thesecond group -representatives oftheKufa school. 4.Thethird group - agroup that combined the two schools. 5.Conclusion. The city of Baghdad is of particular importance in Islamic history, which during the Abbasid Caliphate became not only a political, but also a cultural, scientific and economic center. This city was founded in the 8th century, especially during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Mansur, andsoon became known as the heart ofthe Islamic world. This article will examinethe historical significance of Baghdad as a capital, the reasons for the development of the city and its contributionto Islamic civilization. The founding of Baghdad. The construction of the city of Baghdad began in 762 by the Caliph Mansur. He decided to build the city on the banks of the Tigris River, because this place was strategically convenient. Mansur called the city "Madinat as-Salam" (City of Peace). Initially, Baghdad was built in a circular shape, with the caliph's palace and mosque in the center. The circular city plan was considered uniqueforits timeand demonstrated thepower oftheAbbasids. Baghdad as a political center. Baghdad served as the political capital of the caliphate during the Abbasid period. The caliphs lived here and managed state affairs. Baghdad was the main center for shaping the internal and external policies of the caliphate, providing strong ties with other regions. The city also played a major role in strengthening the administrative system of the Abbasid state. Center of science and culture. During the Abbasid period, Baghdad became not only a political capital, but also a center of science and culture. During the reign ofCaliph al-Ma'mun (813–833), the "Bayt al-Hikma" (House of Wisdom) was established in Baghdad