CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAMMATICAL FORMS AND SEMANTIC RELATIONS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK

Аннотация

This study explores the classification of words into grammatical categories in English and Uzbek, emphasizing the challenges of categorization due to contextual variations. While traditional linguistic approaches divide words into independent and auxiliary parts of speech, modern linguistics continues to debate the number and classification principles. Various scholars, including G. Sweet, B. Ilyish, and E. M. Gordon, have proposed different models based on lexical, morphological, and syntactic features. The analysis highlights the interplay of meaning, form, and function in grammatical classification, demonstrating that words may shift categories depending on context. Comparative studies reveal that both English and Uzbek share grammatical universals while exhibiting unique structural differences. The findings contribute to theongoingdiscourse onlinguisticcategorization and grammatical analysis. Keywords: grammatical forms, semantic relations, classification principles, meaning, form, function Introduction. Words (lexemes) form the basis of language, and grammar plays a significant role inorganizing them into ameaningful structure forexpressing thoughts. Theclassification ofeach lexeme or lexical unit based on its usage and function in a sentence creates a foundation for thoroughly studying them and determining the development of a language. Words belong to specific grammatical categories, or parts of speech, based on the concepts they convey. These classifications distinguish words byboth semantic and grammatical features. Although many scholars have extensively studied the grammar of English and Uzbek, modern linguistics still faces difficulties and contradictions in categorizing words and defining their grammatical classifications. Several issues in English grammar continue to be debated among scholars, including a) The number of parts of speech in the language; b) The distinction between independent and auxiliary parts of speech; c) The principles used for classifying words into parts of speech. The main difficulty arises from the fact that in English, a single word can exhibit characteristics of different parts of speech depending on the context, making strict categorization challenging. For example, participles have both adjectival and verbal properties, and some words may shift from one category to another depending on their contextual use. Additionally, words borrowed from different cultures over time exhibit unique grammatical features. Despite these challenges, most scholars have classified English grammar into specific groups. Literature review. G. Sweet divided parts of speech into two main groups: declinable (changeable) and indeclinable (unchangeable) words, emphasizingmorphological characteristics. B. Ilyishidentified 12categories: six independent and sixauxiliary parts of speech (prepositions, https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue2,2025 158 conjunctions, particles, modal words, articles, interjections). B. S. Khaimovich and B. I. Rogovskaya proposed a classification of 14 parts of speech, adding response words and state words to the auxiliary group. Their classification is based on five criteria:1. Lexical-grammatical meaning; 2. Lexical-grammatical morphemes; 3. Grammatical categories; 4. Word combination ability; 5.Sentence function.[4,20] Academic A. A. Shakhmatov argued that parts of speech should be studied within syntax [8]. However, B. Ilyish viewed parts of speech as primarily morphological while incorporating some syntactic aspects [2]. E. M. Gordon emphasized that each word belongs to a particular part of speech based on its meaning, form, and syntactic function [1]. J. Boronov, M. Boronova, and M. Toshboyeva classified words into 14categories:1. Noun; 2. Adjective; 3.Pronoun; 4. Numeral; 5. Verb; 6. Adverb; 7. Category of state; 8. Modal words; 9. Preposition; 10. Particle; 11. Conjunction;12.Interjection; 13.Article; 14.Responsewords [3,5]. V. L. Kaushanskaya categorized independent parts of speech as nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, verbs, adverbs, state categories, modal words, and interjections, while prepositions, conjunctions, particles, and articles were considered auxiliary parts ofspeech [6]. K. N. Kachalova and E. E. Izrailevich classified words based on meaning, sentence function, word formation, and inflectional changes. They categorized nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, and adverbs as independent parts of speech, while prepositions, conjunctions, and articles were auxiliary. Interjections were considered neither independent nor auxiliary as they do not perform a syntactic function [7]. E. M. Gordon introduced the concept of "independent elements" in grammar, including modal words, exclamatory words, and tag questions. Though they do not have a syntactic function, they convey different meanings and may even form completesentences (e.g., "yes," "no," "alas")[1]. Methods and methodology. Like all languages, English categorizes words based on t