HISTORICAL STAGES OF ROMAN-GERMAN LANGUAGES AND SIGNIFICANCE TODAY.

Аннотация

This article provides information about the history of the origin of the "Roman-Germanic languages", its development stages, grammatical structures, and its place in society. a discussion was held regarding the determination of its place and importance. Since language is one of the main tools that express all the cultural and scientific wealth created by mankind in the process of historical development and leave a legacy from generation to generation, we tried to approach this topic closely. Key Words: Romance languages, Romanus, dead languages, Germanic languages, official language. Introduction: Romanic languages belong to the Indo-European language family, forming a group of related languages that all evolved from Latin, sharing common development patterns and many similar elements in their structure. The term "Roman" (from Latin romanus, meaning "belonging to Rome" or "related to the Roman Empire") was first used in the early Middle Ages to refer to the vernacular languages, which were distinct from classical Latin and Germanic dialects. In Spain and Italy, Romanic languages are also known as "New Latin languages." These languages are spoken in over 60 countries (e.g., French in 30 countries, Spanish in 20, Portuguese in 7, and Italian in 3), with more than 600 million speakers. The following languages belong to the Romanic group: a) French - Spoken by about 60 million people, it is the official language of France (capital: Paris); b) Italian - Spoken by nearly 50 million people, it is the official language of Italy (capital: Rome); c) Spanish - Spoken by approximately 95 million people, it is the official language of Spain (capital: Madrid); d) Portuguese - Spoken by over 45 million people, it is the official language of Portugal (capital: Lisbon); e) Romanian - Spoken by nearly 18 million people, it is the official language of 138 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES International scientific-online conference Romania (capital: Bucharest); f) Moldovan - Spoken by nearly 2 million people, it is the official language of Moldova (capital: Chișinău); g) Provençal - Spoken by over 10 million people, primarily in the southeastern part of France; h) Sardinian - Spoken by over 1 million people, primarily on the island of Sardinia, Italy; i) Catalan - Spoken by over 5 million people, mainly in Spain; j) Rhaeto-Romanic - Spoken by 550 thousand people, mostly in Italy. Dead languages such as Latin, Oscan, and Umbrian also belong to the Romanic group. There is no consensus in linguistics on the exact number of Romanic languages. According to current data, there are typically considered to be 12 major ones: Spanish, Galician, Portuguese, Catalan, Occitan (Provençal), French, Italian, Sardinian, Rhaeto-Romanic, Romanian, Moldovan, and Dalmatian (considered extinct since the 19th century). The uneven development of Romanic languages complicates their classification and exact count. The distribution of Romanic languages is divided into three regions: 1. Old Romania - The part of Europe that was part of the Roman Empire and retained Romance languages, including Italy, Portugal, most of Spain, France, southern Belgium, western and southern Switzerland, Romania, and Moldova, as well as parts of northern Greece and Macedonia. 2. New Romania - Areas outside Europe where Romance-speaking populations emerged as a result of colonialism in the 16th-18th centuries, such as Canada, Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Antilles. 3. Colonial regions - Areas where Romance languages became official alongside local languages due to colonial policies, such as much of Africa, South Asia, and smaller regions in Oceania. Romanic languages are the result of the gradual evolution of the vulgar Latin spoken in the territories of the Roman Empire. Their development can be divided into four stages: 1. 3rd century BCE to 5th century CE - The Romanization period, during which local languages were replaced by vulgar Latin. Differences between the future Romance languages began to emerge. 2. 5th to 9th centuries - The period of the fragmentation of the Roman Empire and the formation of barbarian kingdoms. Romance languages were influenced by superstrata elements (such as Germanic invasions by the Visigoths, Franks, Burgundians, Lombards, etc.), leading to distinct developments in these languages. 139 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES International scientific-online conference 3. 10th to 16th centuries - The period of the development of writing in Romance languages and the expansion of their social functions. Early written texts appeared in French in the 9th century, in Italian and Spanish in the 10th century, in Provençal, Catalan, and Sardinian in the 11th century, in Portuguese and Galician in the 12th century, in Rhaeto-Romanic in the 14th century, and in Romanian in the 16th century.Literary languages began to emerge from dialects. 4. 16th to 19th centuries - The period of the form