ANALYSIS OF HUMANISM IN SHORT STORIES OF ABDULLA QAHHOR AND JACK LONDON

Аннотация

This article discusses the ideas of humanism in the works of Jack London and Abdullah Qahhor, focusing on human and universal humanistic views, and their impact on human psychology and lifestyle. The emergence, formation, and interpretation of humanism in both writers' literary works are analyzed through their stories. Keywords: humanism, thought, nature imagery, determinism, Averroism, typology, Roman culture, matter. Humanism ideas, in essence, refer to the concepts and teachings that embody the highest moral and ethical virtues that are characteristic of humanity and enrich human life with profound meaning and value. According to humanism, the fundamental virtue of every person is not only fulfilling natural needs but also engaging in labor, having intellect and thought, being capable of reasoning, and being a person of culture and spirituality. In the context of modern market economies and the globalizing world, the issue of human dignity has become a pressing topic. As is known, fundamental changes in economic, social, and political relations within society influence human thought and activity, encouraging individuals to take more proactive actions, which in turn contributes to the improvement of society’s developmental mechanisms. In this process, the effective use of humanist ideas is crucial. The formation of such an approach is closely connected with historical experiences, and its significance is reflected in the influence humanism has on society’s development during particular periods. Since ancient times, humanism ideas have developed in harmony with natural-scientific, philosophical, ethical, aesthetic, and socio-political views. For example, in the West, the formation of humanism ideas was significantly influenced by the philosophical thought and liberal traditions of the ancient East, Greek and Roman culture, the eternity of matter and spirit, the activity of intellect, free will, determinism, and Averroism. During the 13th–17th centuries in Italy, figures such as Leonardo da Vinci, Giordano Bruno, Galileo, Machiavelli, and in France during the 15th–16th centuries, Montaigne, Rameau, Charron, 180 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES International scientific-online conference Leferd Etapl, Dole, in Germany in the 16th–17th centuries, Müntzer, Reychlin, Gutenberg, S. Frank, Kepler, in England in the 16th–17th centuries, Thomas More, F. Bacon, in the Netherlands, Erasmus of Rotterdam, in Poland, Copernicus and his followers, in Switzerland, Paracelsus, and in the Czech Republic, Komensky, significantly contributed to the development of humanist ideas. In Eastern philosophical thought, humanism ideas were reflected in the views of our great ancestors. For instance, in the works of Imam Bukhari's "Al-Adab al- Mufrad" ("The Pearls of Etiquette") and Imam Termiziy’s "Al-Jami' as-Sahih" ("The Authentic Compilation"), the essence of humanism is expressed in the acquisition of knowledge, respect among parents and children, education, morality, honesty, purity, generosity, justice, fairness, and other human values. According to Farabi, the community that leads to happiness and prosperity is one that is truly virtuous, mature, and characterized by high qualities. Caring for the future and well-being of individuals and sharing in their grief should be first and foremost cultivated in the state leaders. The philosopher links the issue of human development with knowledge. In his view, one cannot achieve the status of a perfect human being without understanding the mysteries of reality and using the intellect, which is a gift from God, to its fullest potential, because a human is the most perfect and mature conclusion of world development. "The Little Lady of the Big House" is a work in which Jack London's dreams and thoughts about the ideal and perfect human being find their expression. The humanistic ideas in Jack London’s works can be explained by the fact that the character plays a key role in bridging the relationship between the world’s nature and its development. The writer was able to see and portray the typical characteristics of humans, both historical and contemporary, in his works. In London’s creative works, the central theme revolves around the "human-nature" dilemma, and this issue is observed throughout his works in various genres. Addressing his works from this perspective helps clarify important aspects of his artistic world and helps to define London’s place in 19th-20th century foreign literature. The analysis and synthesis methods are widely used in uncovering the idea of the work, with a special focus on the imagery that makes up the structure and the key characteristics of the chronotope; the roles of the author, narrator, and characters; the specific system of images and its role in the composition; the use of allegories, symbols, epithets, metaphors; references to irony, evasion, and humor; and allusions to historical events and mythological figures, such as t