HISTORY AND SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE

Аннотация

As the primary language of Afroasiatic macrosemy, Arabic holds a unique position in the field of linguistics. In order to solve the issue of language emergence in general, it is crucial to take into account the key phases in this language’s development as well as its distinctive qualities. Keywords: Islamic era, writing new monuments, Semitic languages, and three-letter roots. There are various eras that make up the history of Arabic. The Arabic language has split from the northwest branch of the Semitic language family is used to compute the oldest, or archaic, period. The semitologist A. Militarev indicates that the Arabic language was isolated around the middle of the first millennium BC. e. There are no linguistic materials that depict this era, hence it can only be imaginatively recreated [1, p. 6]. The first linguistic evidence was discovered in written monuments of Assyro-Babylonia’s neighbouring civilisations during the ancient Arabic period (10th–5th centuries BC), according to ancient writers who were found in written monuments of southern Ravian civilisation. Early Arabic period: this is the time frame during which the earliest epigraphic manuscripts exist. It starts in the first decades of the common era and lasts until the middle of the eighth century, or before the first written version of the Quran appears. The so-called Lihyan inscriptions are the earliest in Arabic. They date to between the second and first century BC e. They were discovered in the Al- Ula oasis in the northern Hijaz. These inscriptions are brief and jumbled; they don’t explain everything. Nonetheless, it is still possible to determine that they are written in an outlying dialect of Arabic. Safa inscriptions, so called because of the Safa region, which is not far from Damascus, date to a little later period. They are inscribed (so-called graffiti) on the rocks. Their language and the Hijaz dialect differ 75 “JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN UZBEKISTAN” JURNALI VOLUME 2, ISSUE 9, 2024. SEPTEMBER ResearchBib Impact Factor: 9.654/2024 ISSN 2992-8869 little. An altered form of Southern Arabic is used to write both Saf and Lihyan inscriptions. Two inscriptions dating to the sixth century are written in the Northern Arabic alphabet and resemble the “Kufic” style. These include the Harran Inscription, written in 568 and discovered in Harran (near Damascus), and the Zabad Inscription, which dates to roughly 512 and was discovered in the ruins of a church in Zabad (near Aleppo). Although they speak Northern Arabic, their language is not exactly the same as the Bedouin poetry that has been passed down to us from the same era. Case inflections, for instance, have either already vanished or are on the verge of doing so in the language of these inscriptions. [2, pp. 38–37] The Koran was written in Arabic originally. After the prophet Muhammad(pbuh) passed away, it was assembled from memory-stored passages and the many recordings of the prophet’s unique remarks, or revelations. This occurred in approximately 651, under the rule of Caliph Omar. [2, p. 39] It is important to remember that there are no written monuments in the Arabic literary language that commemorate the pre-Islamic era. The earliest Arabic period lacks monuments that are actually related to the Arabic literary language, the ancient Arabic period was established based on linguistic data from neighbouring civilisations, and the most ancient or archaic period was hypothetically reconstructed using glottochronology. The Islamic era can be split into the following periods, with the Islamic period starting around the middle of the sixth century: Early classical period: the formation of Arabic literary and writing standards; “classical period: the growth and blossoming of all Arabic literary genres (IX–X–VIII centuries);” - a new era (late 16th century to mid-20th century) during which the development of the language known as “modern literary Arabic”, as opposed to “classical”, occurs; The modern period, which spans from the middle of the 20th century to the present, saw literary Arabic continue to advance in modernity. The Arabic language has evolved into two distinct forms during the previous two centuries: literary-written Arabic and oral Arabic. - interactive. All Arab nations share the first type, whereas regional dialects reflect the second. Diglossia, or bilingualism, is the term used to describe this condition [1, p. 6-7]. It is important to consider some of the unique characteristics of the Arabic language when talking about its origins and evolution. The first thing that scholars see is the symmetry and completeness of the Arabic literary language’s full 76 “JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN UZBEKISTAN” JURNALI VOLUME 2, ISSUE 9, 2024. SEPTEMBER ResearchBib Impact Factor: 9.654/2024 ISSN 2992-8869 grammatical structure, which dates back to the Koran’s introduction. The existence of a three-letter root is another distinctive aspect of the Arabic grammat