THE ROLE OF BUKHARA AND KHIVA KHANATES IN THE FORMATION OF FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE KOKAND KHANATE: BASED ON A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Аннотация

The role of Bukhara and Khiva, two existing khanates in Central Asia in the Foreign Relations of the Kokand Khanate, was very important in history. Of course, each Khanate tried to expand its sphere of influence in the international arena to the extent possible. Including the Khanate of Kokand. In this article, the role of Bukhara and Khiva in the foreign policy of the Kokand Khanate was studied on the basis of a comparative analysis. Keywords: Kokand Khanate, Bukhara Khanate, Khiva Khanate, Kokand question, foreign policy. РОЛЬ БУХАРСКОГО И ХИВИНСКОГО ХАНСТВ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ВНЕШНИХ СВЯЗЕЙ КОКАНДСКОГО ХАНСТВА: НА ОСНОВЕ СРАВНИТЕЛЬНОГО АНАЛИЗА Аннотация. Роль Бухары и Хивы, двух существовавших ханств в Средней Азии, во внешних связях Кокандского ханства была очень важной в истории. Конечно, каждое ханство старалось расширить сферу своего влияния на международной арене по мере возможности. В том числе и Кокандское ханство. В данной статье на основе сравнительного анализа изучена роль Бухары и Хивы во внешней политике Кокандского ханства. Ключевые слова: Кокандское ханство, Бухарское ханство, Хивинское ханство, Кокандский вопрос, внешняя политика. As an active participant in the political, socio-economic processes in the Central Asian region, from the time of its creation, the Uzbek khanates had intense relations with neighboring countries. There were generally accepted conditions for such contacts, which, although some of them were not officially recorded during the period of its formation, but had to be strictly followed. In particular, one of the important provisions of neighborhood relations was the speedy delivery of the "exchange of power" issue to the governors of the surrounding province and the rulers of the neighboring state. The order charged the whistleblower with conveying the news of two events at the same time, either the cause of the death of the deceased Khan or his departure from power for certain reasons, and the accession of the new ruler. 1069 ResearchBib IF-2023: 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Valume 1 Issue 10 In general, the tradition of informing each other about the changes that have occurred within the country in the khanates of Central Asia is very well established. Of course, this rule was also necessary to justify the official status of the country, that is, the right to conduct official relations with other states as an equal and independent subject of international relations. In the formation of Foreign Relations of the Kokand Khanate, there were influences from various aspects of the Bukhara and Khiva khanates, which, on the one hand, were associated with political processes in the Khanate, and on the other, with economic relations. At this point, the researcher N.Allayeva believes that in the relations between Bukhara and Khiva, the “Kokand question” had also arisen [1:183] At this time, the Khan of Kokand, Amir Umarkhan, was striving to promote socio- economic and cultural development and independently conduct foreign policy, ensuring internal stability in the Khanate. In exchange for this behavior, Khan begins to compete for control of the “plundering” territories, which are also causing discussion, completely getting rid of the influence of the neighboring emirate of Bukhara. In particular, information about this is also confirmed by information from the work “history of Turkestan”. That is, during the Umarkhan period, the state system of the Kokand Khanate, the laws and regulations for carrying out state affairs, religious affairs were regulated, and the borders of the country were determined. Now the border of the Kokand State reached as far as Turkestan and Dashti Kipchak in the north, as far as Samarkand in the West, as far south as Kohistan and Kolob, Hisor and Shahrisabz, and as far east as Turkestan. Upon the death of umarkhan on 30 December 1822, during the reign of his successor Muhammadalihan (1822-1842), the Government of Kokand is recognized by KO'ab, Hisor, Badakhshan, Darvoz, Maschoh. Under muhammadalihan, some districts of Kyrgyz were annexed to Kokand. But the O'ratepa region remained the site of battles and wars for Kokand and Bukhara. Only the people suffered from these Wars [2:10]. While Amir Umar Khan focused the early periods of his reign on restoring his position in the country and ensuring the legitimacy (legitimation) of his power, the next aspiration was to define his status as the influential rulers of the Muslim world among the neighboring khanates of Bukhara and Khiva. Research scientists assess the processes involved as “Umarkhan's move toward diplomatic legitimation” [3:150]. Amir Umar Khan of Kokand initially focused on improving relations with the Khanate of Khiva in establishing Foreign Relations. This is documented in Munis and Ogahi's “Firdavs ul- iqbol” as follows. "Syed Muhammad Haji came to Khiva Khan Muhammad Rahim I as ambassador to the Qooqan Khan Amir Umarkhan” [4:414-415]. N.Allayeva, also relying on historical sources [1: 184], indeed inf