THE ROLE OF STRINGED INSTRUMENTS IN UZBEK FOLK MUSIC

Аннотация

This article talks about the role of stringed instruments in the creation of Uzbek folk music, their history, diversity and their uniqueness in folk music. Key words: Uzbek folk music, concertmaster, soloist, stringed instruments, oud, tanbur, dutor, rubob, sato, Uzbek folk instruments were formed in the bosom of ancient eastern culture. They have preserved their unique characteristics and tone during centuries of development. Due to their unique structure, chang, flute, trumpet, tanbur, dutor, rubob, gijjak, kobiz have reached us in traditional forms. Stringed instruments have a long history in the creation of Uzbek folk music. The emergence and development of these instruments is closely related to cultural exchanges and trade routes in the Central Asian regions. Over the centuries, these instruments have been enriched by various international and regional influences. Uzbek folk music has various stringed instruments. Some of them are: Oud, tanbur, rubob are the leading musical instruments of Muslims. In the musical treatises of the past, the theoretical and practical foundations of the chord structures of classical music are explained using the sound system of the oud and tanbur instruments. The name of the world-famous oud instrument is related to the unique oud (shamshod) tree from which it is made (from which medicinal and aromatic substances are extracted). The history of the origin of the sound known as oud in Muslim countries, piypo in China, and lyutnya in Europe (from the Arabic word "al-ud") began to develop long before the emergence of Islam. Ud - a classical musical instrument with strings and mizrob. It is widely used in Arab, Turkish, Persian, Caucasian (Azerbaijani, Armenian) and Central Asian (Uzbek, Tajik) peoples. A large, pear-shaped calyx with a thin lid and a short, wide handle. The sound is soft and mellow. It is known that the oud originally had 4 strings, and 5 strings were added by a musician named Ziryob (9th century) (Farobi in some sources). The currently used Oud is fretless and has 11 strings. 5 of them are double strings, the bottom string is single. Oud is 84 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES International scientific-online conference mainly used as an accompaniment (classical music ensembles) and as a solo instrument. Tanbur is one of the louder instruments used by professional musicians, and the carved bowl is made of solid mulberry wood along with a thick and long handle; general 110-130 cm. The lid of the bowl is usually made of a thin wooden board with resonator holes. There are 16-19 frets tied with a string, and the sixth is usually moved up or down depending on the tonality of the piece being played. On the lid of the cup there will be 4 more special curtains made of wood. The first of the 3 strings of the tanbur (from the top) is the main one, 2 are auxiliary; the first and third are tuned in unison, and the second is tuned a fourth, sometimes a fifth or a second lower than them. The tanbur is played in different ways (by hitting the strings from above and below) with a nail worn on the index finger of the hand. Unlike other stringed percussion instruments in Uzbekistan, the tanbur has a diatonic tone. Since the strings of the tanbur are long and thin, and the curtains are thick (up to 3 mm in diameter), it is possible to change the pitch of the sound up to a semitone by pressing the string with different force. In this way, the tunes in the tanbur are given a unique vibration, polish, and laments. due to its unique delicate and impressive sound and wide range, the tanbur is the main soloist and (in vocal parts) accompanying instrument in the performance of maqam. There are different interpretations about the etymological meaning of the word "Tanbur". According to one of them, it consists of two roots: "tan" and "bur". "Tan" means the body, and "bur" is the imperative verb of "buridan" - "to cut". Usually this word is explained as meaning "heart-scratcher". According to another assumption stated in Professor Fitrat's book "Uzbek classical music and its history", "tanbur" is a modified form of the currently known Uzbek musical instrument - dombira. Although dombira and tanbur were very closely related to each other in the early stages of their formation, their paths diverged due to their later destiny due to their conformity to different musical traditions. Currently, the Uzbek drum has become an instrument related to the art of bakhshi. In this case, it is used only in the performance of epics and termas (song couplets of a plotless nature) in the style of "inner voice" (a kind of throat singing). In his thoughts on the history of the tanbur, Fitrat writes that some Shayban musician Mahmud added a third string to it, and this instrument became a "setor" (three strings). In connection with Setor, it is necessary to mention another name of tanbur - "sato". Even today, Uzbek musicians play the tanbur 85 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION O