Типология международных организаций, их функции и роль в мировой политике

Аннотация

Ключевые слова: Настоящая статья посвящена истории и типологии суверенные государства, международных организаций, их функциям и роли в международные мировой политике, в обеспечении мира, безопасности и отношения, устойчивого развития государств. международные организации, современная система, Организация Объединенных Наций, международные конфликты, глобальные проблемы, мир, межгосударственные организации, международные неправительственные организации, стабильность. The international order established after the Congress of Westphalia in 1648 predetermined the dominant positions of sovereign States and interstate relations in world politics for several centuries to come. Since that time, the entire period of international interaction to the present day has been considered by many researchers as the history of a unified system of international relations, the dominant subjects of which are sovereign states, equal and independent in conducting domestic policy within their national borders and without interference in each other's affairs. Over time, States have developed international law based on these principles – a set of rules governing international relations. Independent nation-States continue to play a key role in the modern system of international relations. However, today they have ceased to be the only players on the world stage – they have begun to play an increasingly active and prominent role in the international system. International and regional organizations, forums and other governmental and non-governmental actors, a "polycentric" international system began to form. The first international organizations appeared at the beginning and middle of the XIX century (the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, 1815; the World Telegraph Union, 1865; the Universal Postal Union, 1874). They were created in the sphere of economy, transport, and culture and were aimed at cross-border cooperation. The number of such organizations, or so-called international administrative unions, increased by the beginning of the XX century. They operated in the fields of healthcare, transport, disaster management, etc. The process of globalization and the growing cross- border flow of goods, services, information, and people led to the fact that at the beginning of the XX century. A global system of the world economy was formed, an important role in the management of which was played by international organizations. 69 Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations Special Issue – 06 (2023) / ISSN 2181-1415 In the field of politics, the predecessors of the first international organizations appeared after the Vienna Congress of 1815, during the formation of the so-called European Concert of the Five Great Powers (England, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and France). Researchers often consider the European Concert as a prototype of international organizations in the field of politics and security in European affairs: It was a system of congresses and conferences in which the Powers resolved issues of settlement of international conflicts. The next stage in the development of international organizations was the activity of the League of Nations, established in 1919. It differed from the European Concert in that it was created on the basis of an internationally recognized act – the Statute of the League of Nations and was based on the principle of collective security. At the same time, created in order to prevent a world war, the League of Nations failed in the application of this principle. From an organization that was supposed to promote collective security, disarmament, and the peaceful settlement of conflicts on the basis of international law, it turned, according to British researcher K. Archer, "into a shell" that was not recognized by states that did not want to pursue a policy outside their sphere of interests. Despite the fact that the League of Nations was formally dissolved in 1946, many researchers, especially in the West, consider it a great experiment, the unsuccessful experience of which was taken into account by the founders of the United Nations (UN). Moreover, thanks to the institutional forms of international cooperation formed by the League of Nations in the fields of security, economics, and law, the foundation of the future UN was provided. Despite the existing problems in the effective functioning of the UN, this organization occupies a leading and important place in the structure of international governmental associations. At the same time, Muslim countries are particularly active in it, demanding, in particular, the admission of some of them to the Security Council with the right of veto. It is important that many other international governmental organizations are represented in the UN. Regional and even interregional types, including the League of Arab States and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Their participation in the activities of the UN can be considered as one o