ARTERIAL HYPOXIA AS A FACTOR AFFECTING THE COURSE OF CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS IN CHILDREN

Аннотация

The definition of Francophone literature as a field of study continues to evolve and is not uniform everywhere. In the United States, it includes literature from sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, the Maghreb, Quebec, Switzerland, and Belgium. In Europe, the last two are, surprisingly, part of French literature. Quebec, for its part, distinguishes three bodies of work: French literature, Quebec literature, and Francophone literature. Finally, in France, French literature and Francophone literature are studied separately. In this article, we will mainly reflect ontheemergence anddevelopment ofMaghreb literature inFrench. Keywords: Maghreb literature, francophone literature, literary movements, generations of writers, discourse, knowledge, authentic, community. Introduction: Far from being regional or exotic additions to French literature, these literatures of Africa, the Caribbean and the Maghreb have become sites of renewal in many ways. This introduction demonstrates this, through a flexible approach that takes into account generations of writers, literary movements, major texts and important dates. Moreover, works and authors are presented within the main genres: the novel, poetry, drama and essay. The Maghrebians are aware and convinced that they belong to a common land, to a society shaped by history and based on common traditions; this «community» was formed and strengthened around a national demand directed against the presence of France in North Africa. Although the two Algerian poets, Jean Amrouche and Jean Sénac, are the forerunners of a Maghreb literature that reconnects with the most ancient traditions of Arab-Muslim and Berber culture, novelists will raise their voices loudly and clearly after the Second World War to convey the views and grievances of the colonized peoples. Thus was born the so-called literature of protest, dominated by a realistic aesthetic and an ideological discourse that denounced injustice and dispossession. And although the rejection of French political, economic and cultural dominance is unequivocal, the emancipation of literary forms will occur gradually, to the point that it will not only be a question of creating «authentic» works, but also of changing the expectations of publishers and thepublic. Francophone Maghreb literature is a literature of French expression that emerged during the colonization of the three countries. It is the work of authors, mostly dialect speakers, who were forced to express themselves in writing in French, most often due to their lack of sufficient knowledge of what is known as classical Arabic (Michel Beniamino 1999). Although its issues and challenges were inspired by the colonial context in the first half of the 20th century, with a shift from exoticism to anti-colonial writing, it really took off with the era of independence. Shaped by the social and political tensions that engulfed the three countries, French-language Maghreb literature throughout the second half of the 20th century largely explored themes of authoritarian power, fractured identity, immigration, the weight of religion, and the conflict between modernity and tradition. https://ijmri.de/index.php/jmsi volume 4,issue4,2025 267 Among the innovative writers who have received critical and reader acclaim, we can especially mention Kateb Yacine, Mouloud Mammeri, Mouloud Feraoun, Albert Camus, Albert Memmi, AbdellatifLaabi, Taos Amrouche, AssiaDjebar… The emergence of this French-language literature was part of the linguistic policy of the colonial power. The Arabic language, already marginalized under Ottoman rule, was banned from public institutions, education, and everything related to public life. The writer Mahmoud Aslan thus explores the theme of unhappy consciousness, for example in 1940's Les yeux noirs de Leila, where the protagonist Naguib finds himself unable to choose between his origins and the West. The emergence of local literature, even if it is detached from the masses and linked to the colonial agenda, nevertheless contributes to the affirmation of individual writers in a context that tended toerase individualityand creativeautonomy within colonizedpeoples. The first novels of writers such as Ahmed Sefrioui, Mouloud Feraoun, Albert Memmi, Driss Chraibi, Mouloud Mammeri, Mohammed Dib and Assia Djebar combine numerous autobiographical elements. However, it turns out that if precise description, based on a deep knowledge of the nature, society and customs of the Maghreb, occupies a large place, in these same texts of «ethnographic realism» are inscribed the values ​ ​ and imagination of the Maghreb communities and the writers themselves, which distinguishes this novelistic work of Maghreb writers from colonial literature and gives it originality and specificity (Déjeux Jean, 1981). Maghreb writers mastered the French language to express who they were, where they were heading, recalling the lessons they had learned at the École Communale about the Revolution of 178