Methodology of Teaching the Division of Gymnospheres Or Pinophyta In Practical Training

Аннотация

This article explains the methods used in the of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License. practical training of the division on gymnosperms in botany and provides information about some of the methods used within the subject. Keywords: Method, pine, herbarium, dome, micropreparations, microsporophyll, microsporangia, exine, intine megasporangium, endosperm, nutcellus, micropyle, archegonium, antheridial, viability. Introduction: It is also relevant to conduct practical classes in botany lessons using new innovative technologies, as well as to prepare graduates who will independently, critically, socially, economically and ecologically examine topics during the lessons. Because a student who has acquired such characteristics as education and upbringing based on the development of sustainable education, self-development and self- expression, independent and critical thinking will not encounter difficulties in the process of teaching in secondary schools in the future. For this reason, we tried to develop assignments using the textbooks of U.Khijanazarov, R.Ishmuhammedov, J.Tolipova [1, 2, 3, 4]. Required materials: Microscope, magnifying glass, slide, cover glass, tweezers, sharp-edged scalpel or razor, live branches of juniper, cypress and common pine, herbariums. Alcohol-fixed samples of young pollen and seed cones of the species. Various permanent micropreparations. Aim of the work: To study the systematics of the European International Journal of Pedagogics 244 https://eipublication.com/index.php/eijp European International Journal of Pedagogics subfamily Pinus, the general structure, living they are rare. They are mainly widespread in Central conditions and the structure of male and female cones America and Southeast Asia. This class has about 100 in their specific development (Pinus sulvestris) based species and has one family Cycads. They are tree-like on natural, herbarium and plant samples. plants, 15-20 meters high, with a trunk about 2 meters long, covered with feathery leaves. An example of this General concept class is the cycad (Cycas). Seed plants are sharply distinguished from other The class Bennettites (Bennetitopsida) is similar in higher spore-bearing plants (mosses, lichens, appearance to representatives of the Cycads. centipedes, and centipedes) by the presence of seeds. Representatives of the class Bennettites lived in the These plants reproduce by seeds, and their shoots Mesozoic era and are among the plants that later remain viable for a long time even in unfavorable became extinct. Their disappearance coincides with the environments. Gymnosperms appeared on Earth time of the appearance of flowering plants. Therefore, about 350 million years ago. The department is a most botanists attribute the origin of flowering plants to division of higher spore-bearing plants, which includes the Bennettites. Representatives of this class were also more than 1000 modern species. Among modern various spore plants. We can take the giant williamsonia gymnosperms, trees and shrubs predominate in terms (Williamsoniella) as an example. of life forms. The leaves of most representatives have a needle-like or lanceolate appearance. Open-seeded The class Ginkgo (Ginkgosida) has only one family and plants have seeds and ovules, which are located openly one species (Ginkgo biloba). Ginkgo biloba is a large on the macrosporophyll or carpel, therefore these deciduous tree, reaching a height of 30-40 meters. The plants are called open-seeded plants. Representatives leaves are fan-shaped, with a pointed tip and fall off in of the department are also considered archegonal winter. It is grown in gardens as an ornamental and plants, but their distinctive feature is the presence of medicinal plant. seeds. So these plants appeared before seeds, flowers The class Pinopsida is the largest class in the and fruits in the evolutionary process. The fact that gymnosperms, with about 50 genera and about 550 gymnosperms have a seed bud and seeds due to species. The common pine (Pinus silvestris), a member fertilization sharply differs from other higher spore of the Pinaceae family, and the juniper (Juniperus), a plants, including mosses, lichens, and ferns. member of the cypress family, form dense forests. Gymnosperms reproduce by seeds. Their seeds are in These plants are valuable for paper production, various an open state in the fruit leaf. Their buds remain intact building materials, and valuable raw materials. for a long time even in unfavorable environments. The branching type is monopodial, the leaves are Gymnosperms do not produce fruits, but in some needle-like, and therefore evergreen, located on a short species, like flowering plants, they form fleshy berries stem as a result of the growth of their stamens (juniper, yew). The seed gametophyte consists of an endosperm Let’s consider the development of the common pine and 2 archegonia. The department is mainly divided (Pinus silvestris) of the pine family (Pinaceae