TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST-ECOTONE NATURAL GEOGRAPHICAL COMPLEXES IN BUKHARA REGION (AS AN EXAMPLE OF DUOBA FOREST)

Аннотация

The article examines the territorial distribution, origin, classification, current state and some problems of development of tokai-ecotone natural-geographical complexes of the Bukhararegion. Key words:Bukhara region, Zarafshan river, Vobkentdarya, Amu-Bukhara machine-building canal, Oyakogitma, Karakir, Zamonbaba, Zikri, Katta-Tuzkan, Dengizkul, Devkhona, Khadicha, Kumsultan, river, canal, zavur, Lake Tashlama, natural-geographical complex, landscape, forest ecotone, morphotectonics, lithological structure, relief, soil cover, willow, waterwillow, red hemp,rower, naked licorice, reed, mat, zerbel thorn, arstam, lonpechak. Introduction. The territory of the Bukhara region is 40.3 thousand km2, on which various natural and geographical complexes have been formed and developed over the centuries. In the second half of the 19th century, and especially during the 20th century, in the development of these natural-geographical complexes, along with natural factors, the influence of socio-economic factors became more acute. This found its expression in the tukai-ecotone natural geographical complexes of the province, which is limited in area. Today, in the natural-geographical complex of Duaba tugai-ecotone, a process of desertification is taking place, primarily a reduction in the area of ​ ​ tugai lands, a reduction in biodiversity, and the process is accelerating. On a territorial scale, it is important tomitigate thegeoecological situation and improvethe environment. Mainpart. Bukhara region belongs to the natural-geographical territories of the southern deserts of Central Asia. There are various types of natural geographical complexes, describing the main factors of territorial morphotectonics, as well as features, groundwater regimes, etc. page833 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue05,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai Until now, research at various levels has been conducted to study the natural and geographical complexes of the Bukhara region and their resources. Many sources recognize themerits of such researchers as L. S. Berg (1913), R. I. Abolina (1929), N. L. Korzhenevsky (1960), V. M. Cheterkin (1960), T. V. Zvankova (1962, 1965), P.G. Gulyamova (1966), M.Umarova (1967), I.K.Nazarova (1971-2007), M.P.Petrova (1973), L.N.Babushkina, N.A.Kogaya (1975), P.Baratova (1977), N.A. Kogai (1982), B.A. Fedorovich (1983), Yu.B.Rakhmatova (1984), U. Nurova (1990), A.G. Babaeva (1995), H.R. Tashova (2008, 2013, 2024), Y.K. Khaitova (2017), A.B. Rasulova (2020), G.S. Khalimova (2020), M.K. Ergasheva (2022), A.E. Sharipova (2023), A.K. Samyaeva (2024) and others [10, 11, 13, 16, 19]. Of course, many of these researchers studied and analyzed natural geographical complexessuch as landscapes, theouter shellsof theEarth, epigenemes and geosystems. In particular, the scientific and practical aspects of the region’s landscapes were studied by I.K. Nazarov and Kh.R. Tashov, and scientific work was carried out on this topic [2, 3, 4, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24]. Among the natural geographical complexes of the Bukhara region, natural geographical complexes such as tugai-ecotone are widespread, but theirarea is relatively limited and territorially distributed unevenly. An ecotonic natural-geographical complex is a physiognomically distinct zone of the “transitional” region of plant communities. For example, in the Bukhara region, in a natural and geographical complex (landscape) formed between the arid desert and the humid reservoirs of the tugai-ecoton. Their area is 20950 hectares. The emergence of natural- geographical complexes of tugai-ecoton on the territory of the Bukhara region can be conditionallydivided into 3periods and several factors. 1. 33.9-23.04 million BC. Period from the Oligocene to the middle of the 20th century. Periods of activity of the Zerafshan River and its tributaries in the lower reaches(Fig.1). Figure 1.PaleoZerafshanandits tributaries (accordingto Trofimov). Consequently, the confluence of the Zerafshan River and its largest right tributary, the Vobkentdarya, played an important role in the formation of the modern Bukhara oasis and lake-tugai landscapes, and laterthe oasis landscapes in theadjacent lands. On the toponymy of Vobkentdarya, H. Turaev, M. T. Mirakmalov and M. M. Avezov provided extensive information in their works [1, 5, 18]. Sources note that in the 10th and page834 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue05,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai 12th centuries, Mokhondarya formed lake-delta landscapes (tugai) in the interfluve of the Amu Darya and the footof theKarakul plateau at adistance of150km [6,7,21]. From the Bukhara oasis, the water of "Kharomkom" (Zerafshan-Karakuldarya) flows into Boykand. In Baykand there are reed groves a