Architecture of the Kokand khanate

Аннотация

This article analyzes the architectural monuments of the Kokand Khanate, one of the most prominent states in the history of Central Asia, and their construction methods based on archival documents and diaries of ambassadors to the khanate. Keywords: architectural monuments, city wall, hallway, alabaster, wood stove, tile, column It has not been preserved to this day, it has been destroyed and destroyed. In the 1950s, it had some ruins. In general, the wall of Kokand 169 Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19) was an important historical monument. In the middle of the 19th century, the city wall had four gates. For example, in the late first half of the 19th century, when the Kalmyks tried to invade the Kokand Khanate, they could not enter the city due to the strength of the city wall. Later the city expands and the wall is demolished. In 1842, a new wall was built around the city of Kokand. Kokand is also famous for its architectural monuments. In this regard, Kokand is the fourth largest city in the world after Samarkand, Khiva and Bukhara with its historical and architectural monuments. However, if we compare the buildings built in the XIX century, the city of Kokand can be among the first. In Kokand, several luxury madrassas, mosques and other buildings were demolished during the colonial and Soviet eras, some of which were left unrepaired. The Russian ambassador to Kokand, Philip Nazarov, who visited Kokand in 1813-1814, wrote that Umarkhan had received him: “We were ordered to dismount before the palace at least 150 sajens, and we walked with our Cossacks to the threshold of the magnificent palace. We stayed here for half an hour until we were told about it. The audience was so large to see us that they even climbed trees, walls and roofs. In front of the palace we saw a large pile of mortars and unarmed cannons. The two officials who came out of the gate asked us, "To whom was the order given?" After receiving the answer, they took me into the courtyard and showed us to the khan, who was looking through the gate, and told me to respect him as I would respect my governor. According to their custom, the hat is not taken off, and I took off my hat and greeted him and put it on my head again. Above the carpeted porch in front of the tent sat a line of ministers and high-ranking officials, the governor's highest body. The emperor took me into the khan’s lobby, holding my two wrists as I held the translations of our Highness and the translation letter of our state chancellors in my head with both hands. He was sitting on a staircase. It looks like he was 25 years old (he was 28 years old), he was wearing a Chinese shtofi (thick fabric woven from silk), a shiny coat of gold, and a turban decorated with gold on his head. Two ministers led me into his presence holding my wrist, and a third opened the door. I knelt before the khan, and the amir valiami (Umarkhan) took the title and the translation letter from my head and gave it to the minister standing next to him. Then he got up from the throne and held out his hand to me. I had to squeeze his lake with both hands, as usual. After this speechless ceremony, two more ministers took me by the wrist and brought me to the door without turning my back on the khan. The governor asked if the emperor's health and verbal orders had been given. I said that there were no verbal orders, that 170 Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19) everything was stated on the label and in the two letters next to me written by the corps commander, Lieutenant General Glazenap. I was then taken to the courtyard and placed in front of the khan's window, where an expensive rug hung at least 8 sajen away. A similar Cossack officer, Bezyazykov, was brought in and taken to me. Behind us sat the ambassadors of China, Khiva, Bukhara and Iran. They ordered our detachment and the presents in the box we had brought. According to the tradition of the Cossacks, the Cossacks were also brought to us on the carpet. Eight officials from Kokand lifted the boxes and showed them to the Asian ambassadors and took them to the governor. Because the chest was in the key, the governor sent a man for it. Some time later, Prime Minister Mirza Mullah held the mentioned label at the beginning with a translation letter and showed it to the members of the Supreme Council. They became acquainted with curiosity and envy, and then the Prime Minister was again taken before the khan. The governor is depressed. gave us, the Asian ambassadors, and his officials a banquet. In this case, it consisted of "sarachinskoe psheno" (ie, the color of rice and pilaf depends not on the dye, but on the method and technology of preparation of the soup. F. Nazarov wrote that it was unknowingly dyed) and cooked with horse meat, but our religion is such a dish. We did not deny that he forbade eating. ” It is known that in 1830 in Kokand there was a representative of Russia Potanin. According to hi