THE ROLE OF VITAMINS IN THE METABOLISM OF LIVING ORGANISMS

Аннотация

Vitamins (Latin : vita - life), drugs - organic compounds necessary for the life activity and normal metabolism of a living organism. They have different chemical structures. Information about people getting sick as a result of a lack of certain substances in the composition of nutrients is recorded in ancient Chinese books, and later in the works of Hippocrates. Key words: plants, substances, absorption, diseases, physiological, vitamins, protein, compounds, stomach, teeth, pigments, avitaminosis, Inability, legumes, metabolism The study of V from a scientific point of view began in the 18th century. English doctor J. Lind (1757), French physiologist F. Majandi (1816), Russian doctor NI Lunin (1880), Dutch doctor Eikman (1897), English scientist F. Hopkins ( 1906) made a great contribution to the study of V. . V. is not synthesized in the body, a person receives the necessary V. with various food substances. Hypovitaminosis occurs when there is insufficient vitamin B in food, and avitaminosis occurs when it is completely absent. The main source of vitamin B is plants (see Plants with vitamins). Microorganisms also play a major role in the formation of V. The biological importance of V. consists of a correcting effect on metabolism. V. enhances chemical reactions occurring in the body, affects the body's absorption of nutrients, helps the normal growth of cells and the development of the whole body, enters the body's enzymes and ensures their normal function and activity. V. in energy metabolism in the body ( V,, V2 V.), in the biosynthesis of amino acids (V6, V12 V.) and fatty acids (pantothenic acid), in the process of photoreception (vitamin A), in blood clotting (vitamin K) and in the absorption of calcium (vitamin D ) is involved. Thus, if a vitamin is lacking or completely absent in the body, the metabolism is disturbed. When there is a lack of V. in food, a person's ability to work decreases, and the body's resistance to diseases and adverse effects of the external environment decreases. Vitamin deficiency is caused not only by the lack of vitamins in food, but also by disturbances in the processes of their absorption in the intestines, their delivery to tissues, and their transformation into biologically active forms. But the excess of some vitamins beyond the physiological need can lead to hypervitaminosis. In the https://scientific-jl.com/wsrj 1 2 0 Volume-39_Issue-1_May-2025 World scientific research journal following years, the chemical structure of more than 30 vitamins was fully studied and many were synthesized (see Vitamin industry). Initially, V. was conventionally marked with the initials of the Latin alphabet: A, V, S, D, Ye, R, etc. Later, a single name of international standardization was adopted according to the chemical structure of V. V. is divided into water-soluble, fat-soluble and vitamin-like compounds. Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, 1 E and K, and water-soluble vitamin B complex and C, RR. In addition to V., there are substances that undergo various changes in the body and become V. - provitamins. Provitamins include carotenes (provitamin A), some sterols that turn into vitamin D (ergosterol, etc.). A person's daily need for V. depends on the general condition of the body, work style, health or illness. A, V, V2, S, D, RR are especially important for human life. Below is a description of the more commonly used V. Retinol (vitamin A) is widely distributed in nature. It is found in plant tissues in the form of provitamin A (carotenoid pigments that turn into retinol in the body). Participates in the formation of vision pigments, ensures normal growth of the organism, adaptation of the eye to different levels of light. If there is a lack of retinol in the body, the skin becomes dry, scaly, itchy, small rashes appear, purulent skin diseases flare up, hair becomes dry, dull and falls out, and nails become brittle. Inability to look at light, squint, conjunctivitis, blepharitis are mainly caused by lack of vitamin A. Provitamin A (carotene) is abundant in plants, especially in their green leaves, vitamin A in animal and fish liver, fish oil. Thiamine (V, vitamin) is included in many food products. It is mainly found in the husk and husk (bran) of grain. Thiamine is important in carbohydrate metabolism in the body; if the food is rich in carbohydrates, more thiamine is required for their absorption. Without thiamine, polyneuritis occurs. If there is no or lack of this vitamin in the body, a serious disease of the nervous system - beriberi appears, as well as decreased intestinal peristalsis, constipation, muscle relaxation, and a decrease in physical and mental performance. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is involved in the growth process and is one of the growth factors. Participates in protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Adjusts the state of the central nervous system, affects the metabolism of the eyeball, helps to perceive light and distinguish colors. Riboflavin enters the body