Regime of work time: shift work

Аннотация

the article discusses the types of working hours in labor law, the concept of shift work, normal working hours and part-time, and analyzes the hours of employees. Keywords: labor law, working hours, shift work, shift schedule. In modern society, shift work is very widespread. So, in the USA there are about 40 million people who work regularly at night. In Europe, one in five adults works in shifts, and one in twenty is forced to work more than 8 hours, sometimes for a full day. At the same time, human performance is largely determined by the individual biological rhythms of the functioning of the body. It has been established that the best working ability is observed during the period of maximum intensity of physiological processes, and when performing work in adverse hours, its qualitative and quantitative characteristics are significantly reduced. Recently, the world References: has been actively discussing the effect of circadian rhythm and sleep disturbances on human metabolic health indicators. One of the most socially significant causes of circadian disorders is the shift work schedule. Shift work schedules have become more common due to the high demand for flexibility and labor productivity in modern society. Shift work is characteristic of medical personnel, law enforcement officials, rescue services, transport, the media and others. Shift workers make up about 17% of all workers in Europe. Globally, approximately 2.5 billion people work in shifts [1]. Shift work is a work regime that is regulated by the article 120 of the Labor Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan in chapter VII "Working hours". Shift work is one of the ways to use working time and implement its norms established by law for the relevant accounting period. In world practice, there is also the concept of "separation of jobs", which corresponds to a shift mode of operation. The concept of job-sharing (job-sharing) first appeared in the mid- 1960s, which made it possible to increase the flexibility of employment policies. Forms of organization of working time with this form of employment can be different [2]: - separation of one working day; - division of the work week; 155 Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19) - work for one week, and a partner for another week. Remuneration is carried out in accordance with the number of worked working hours. In world practice and Singapore, there are three forms of job sharing: 1. Joint responsibility of workers - a situation in which two employees are jointly responsible for one full day and are interchangeable in work; 2. Separate responsibility - a situation in which two employees share the same workplace and share responsibility when implementing a project or solving a client’s problem. They perform separate independent functions, but can replace each other if necessary; 3. Independent responsibility - a situation in which two employees perform completely different tasks, but from the point of view of management they work at the same workplace, in one unit. But in fact, they are two part-time people who are independent of each other. The benefits of this form of employment are associated with greater opportunities for the involvement of qualified individuals; advanced training based on the exchange of experience and knowledge; with simplified organization of labor in case of vacation or illness of one of the employees; the ability to increase the length of the working day without increasing the total number of working hours for one employee; using the labor of older persons. Among the costs of this form of employment, the problem of finding a partner should be singled out (in case of incompatibility of persons employed in the same workplace, an individual labor contract may be terminated); an increase in the cost of training personnel, the provision of necessary equipment, furniture, when not one person is busy, but at least two. Not all types of work are suitable for such a form of employment as the division of jobs, namely, only work related to the fulfillment of tasks, production volume, etc. This is the sphere of education and healthcare, other public services, secretarial and administrative duties. Let's move on to an analysis of our labor laws. A summarized accounting of working hours may be introduced at an enterprise provided that the working hours for the accounting period do not exceed the normal number of working hours (Articles 115-118). Moreover, the accounting period should not be more than one year, and the duration of daily work (shift) over twelve hours. The procedure for applying the summarized accounting of working hours, as well as measures aimed at equalizing the amount of wages paid to employees monthly during the accounting period, are established by the collective agreement, and if it is not concluded, by the employer by agreement with the trade union committee or other representative body of workers. 156 Scientific research results in pandemic condi