DESIGN OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS: CHARACTERISTICS, STANDARDS AND REQUIREMENTS OF PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

Аннотация

This article examines the main principles of project development features, standards and requirements in the design of public buildings. Challenges facing architects in project development are also discussed, including the demands of sustainability, accessibility and social responsibility. Keywords: architecture, public buildings, spatial planning, user experience, sustainable development, social responsibility. Enter Business centers, shopping and entertainment areas, educational institutions of various sizes, sportscomplexes - all this requires dual attention from project developers andbuilders, because a large flow of people passes through these places, which increases the risk of fire and other emergency situations. In this article, we willtalk about thearchitectural design ofresidential and publicbuildings and structures. Whatis included in thisconcept? Most social needs are fulfilled in groups of people. For this, you need a room adapted to the event program. Designers pay attention to two main indicators - compliance with technical regulations and at the same time - comfort and needs of people and architectural safety, practicalityof placing buildingparts, installationofall engineering systems, etc. The first rule determines the achievement of a functional goal, for example, an educational institution must be divided into zones, which in turn are divided into offices. The second shows technical needs, for example, the installation of fire alarms and exits, compliance with sanitary andhygienicrequirements for lighting. Sample ready-made projects of residential and public buildings and structures differ depending on the construction category. There are structures for temporary accommodation and there are structures for living, for example, hotels and motels, sanatoriums. The availability of sleeping places, the number and location of bathrooms, as well as other "benefits" that are difficult to imagine staying inone placefor a longtimewill dependonthis. Categories ofbuildings http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass 685 Volume15Issue03, March2025 Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023: 6.995, 2024 7.75 Allobjects are divided into: Education and training institutions: schools, kindergartens, universities, technical schools, as well as places of additional education - children's art schools, etc. The layout of such spaces is strictlydivided into offices foreducational processes, and therest for faculty and business needs. Scientific centers. They are distinguished by the availability of laboratories, test rooms for experiments,as well as meeting and conference rooms forholding meetings. Healthcare institutions. These are not only hospitals, polyclinics and polyclinics, but also all types of sanatoriums and medical recreation complexes. If inpatient treatment is carried out, then there must be a bed for patients or residents. Also, in addition to doctors and receptions, great attention is paid to the area around the building. A design feature of public buildings for healthcare purposes is the presence of free access (for an ambulance), as well as green spaces, a park area with gazebos - this is a place for a walk and for the recovery of patients. Sometimes in cities thiscondition isnot met. Sports facilities. They are divided into internal and external parts. The first are more complex structures with areas for spectators, areas for athletes, including showers, dressing rooms and a medical room. The second is outdoors. Theirdesign isquitesimple. Cultural institutions. These are theaters, museums and other recreation centers. The design and construction of public buildings for cultural purposes is primarily regulated by the customer's specifications. If the performances will take place here, then the acoustic system, as well as the enfilade arrangement of the audience and the lighting system should be calculated. Screen placement and sound quality are important for movie theaters. Exhibition centers emphasize largeareas with simplegeometry and enhanced security systems to prevent theft. http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass 686 Volume15Issue03, March2025 Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023: 6.995, 2024 7.75 Catering establishments. For restaurants, cafes and kitchens, it is necessary to clearly divide into two zones: guest and assistant. In the first, the main focus is on the interior and the arrangement of the seats. The second is more complicated, where it is necessary to divide it into an administrative part, buildings for employees, as well as kitchen workshops - cold, hot, pastry, etc. Theentire project mustcomply with thesanitary andhygienicstandards of publiccatering. Shoppingareas: shopping centers, markets, smallprivate shops. Transport interchange facilities: railway stations, airports. These are the most difficult objects to secure. Due to the increased risk of terrorist attacks, maximum requirements a