THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE KHIVA AND KOKAND KHANATES IN THE MID-19TH CENTURY (BASED ON THE ACTIVITIES OF MADRASAS)

Аннотация

This article examines the education system in the Khiva and Kokand Khanates, particularly the activities of madrasas, their unique aspects, and the types of subjects taught in themadrasas that existed in thesetwo regions. Keywords: Khiva, Kokand, education, upbringing, school, madrasa, mudarris (teacher), student, Shergazi Khan Madrasa, Hakim Oyim Madrasa, Matniyoz Devanbegi Madrasa, Norbotabiy Madrasa, religious knowledge, fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), mathematics, geometry, hadith, sharia. Thearchitectural monuments ofCentral Asiaare highly valued fortheir antiquityand uniqueness, often regarded as gems of the East. Especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the construction of numerous minarets, madrasas, and mosques in the Khanate contributed to the city's recognition as a museum city. The UNESCO World Heritage List, which includes 350 architectural monuments, also features ancient monuments from Uzbekistan. Khiva held the second place in Central Asia in terms of the number of madrasas, after Bukhara. Research shows that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there were 65 madrasas in Khiva, with 54 located in the city and 11 in the surrounding areas.[^1] Ten of these madrasas were built by the Khiva Khans, while more than 20 were constructed by the Khan's descendants, wealthy individuals, and religious court scholars. Academician Ya. Gulomov, in his monograph "Monuments of the City of Khiva," notes that 36 madrasas were built in Khiva itself during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[^2] By the early 20th century, there were a total of 130 madrasas and 1,636mosques intheKhanate.[3] Typically, a person intending to build a madrasa would gather craftsmen and hold a competition for the best design. The most suitable design would be selected, and construction would begin. For example, in 1851, a competition was announced for the construction of the Muhammad Amin Khan Madrasa, and the design by master Abdullah "Jin" was chosen. The person building themadrasa would first gather everyone for a feast, and a divanbegi (accountant) would be appointed to oversee the construction. The largest madrasa in Khiva, built by Muhammad Amin Khan in 1851, was a two-story building with 125 rooms, accommodating 260 students at a time. It was endowed with 35,325 tanobs of fertile land. The smallest madrasa in thecity, builtin 1888byBoyjon Juvozifor his descendants, consisted ofonly 4rooms. Currently, more than 70 historical-architectural monuments are registered in Khiva, with 54 located within the Ichan Kala area. Below, we will discuss some of them. The Muhammad Rahim Khan II Madrasa, built around 1874, is one of the largest madrasas in Khiva and generally in Central Asian cities. During the Russian campaign against Khiva in 1873, a Russian artist who visited the city depicted the madrasa and noted: "This building was constructed in front of the square near the Khan's court (Kuhna Ark). When we arrived, its construction was not yet completed. The current Khan had started it a year and a half ago. Special rooms for trade http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass 604 Volume15Issue03, March2025 Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023: 6.995, 2024 7.75 stalls were built in the front part. The beautiful portal in front of the madrasa's decorated facade blocks the view."[4] The front part of the madrasa had one-story rooms, while the back part housed trade stalls. It also included a special classroom, summer and winter mosques, a library, anddormitories forstudents. The Shergazi Khan Madrasa was built in honor of Shergazi Khan's victory in the Khorasan campaign. The Khan returned with a large amount of loot and five thousand captives, including skilled craftsmen. The Khan ordered them to build a grand madrasa in a short time, and it was completed in three and a half years. A stone plaque on the madrasa's wall states: "Those who study in this madrasa will reach the pinnacle of knowledge, become the ones who unlock all secrets,and light thetorch ofknowledge." The Matniyoz Devanbegi Madrasa was built in 1868 by Muhammad Niyaz Devanbegi, the Khan's finance minister (also known as the poet Kamil Khorezmi). It is located between the Muhammad Amin Khan Madrasa and the Said Alovuddin Mausoleum. The building is oriented from east to west, with a small carved gate on the eastern side. It has about 20 small rooms and a summermosque. The Tolib Makhsum Madrasa was built in 1910 by Tolib Makhsum, who served as a divanbegi in the Khan's court. Due to the lack of space around it, the madrasa was built in a trapezoidal shape. It has about 20rooms, with special rooms for theimam andthemullah. In the 19th century, many madrasas were also established in the city of Kokand. These madrasas are also historical-architectural monuments. Many of them have not survived to this day, and their names are unknown. Only fragments of written records or, more often, just their names are mentioned. Acco