THE HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF ARABIC SCRIPT

Аннотация

This article is about the historical development of Arabic script, its formation processes, and types of script. It provides information about the early stages of Arabic script, its elements, and geographical contexts, and discusses the main stages in the development of script, as well as factors related to art and culture Keywords:Arabic script, ancient Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, Holy Quran, letter. Аннотация:В данной статье речь идет об историческом развитии арабской письменности, процессах ее формирования, видах письма, в ней даются сведения о ранних этапах арабской письменности, ее элементах и ​ ​ географических контекстах, а также рассматриваются основные этапы развития письменности, факторы, связанные с искусствоми культурой. Ключевые слова:арабская письменность, Древний Египет, Аравийский полуостров, СвященныйКоран,письмо. The ancient Egyptian script is the first link in the chain of origin of the Arabic script. The finikiy script is based on this script. The people who invented the finikiy script lived in finikiya and the foothills of Mount Lebanon. Since their main occupation was trade with the Egyptian state, they brought 15 Egyptian letters with them to their countries, and over time, they changed the letters and added a few more letters, causing the finikiy script to emerge. Later, two types of script emerged from this script: musnad and aramaic. Aramiy and musnad scripts are the scripts of the Semitic people living in the south of the Arabian Peninsula and are considered the first scripts of the Arabs. Aramaic script developed page773 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue03,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai very quickly and reached the borders of the countries located in the north of the peninsula, Syria, Jordan, and then Iraq. In 270, the nabawi script was also formed, as well as the hiriy, hijaziy, and kufascripts, and onthebasis ofthesescripts, thenimara, zayd, and hiran scripts also emerged. The Nimara script is considered the script of Mount Duruz near the city of Hira. Its date oforigin is323AD.1 The Zayd script belongs to the people living on the banks of the Euphrates River. This script originated in 512. The Hiran script, on the other hand, was slightly different from the Zayd script and appeared in 568.2 The Ma'qali script is one of the oldest scripts before the Kufic script, and is distinguished from theKufic script bythestraightness of theletters.3 Starting from the 7th century, the place of “Kufi script” was taken by “Kufi script”, which is considered the oldest and most famous form of Arabic script. Kufic letters are a type of ancient Arabic script in which they are written without angular dots, and calligraphers paid attention to their execution in the form of an ornament when examining this script. This is also why Kufic script is especially respected. The development of kufic script slowed down considerably bythe10th century. By thistime, suls scripts began toreplace Kufic script. Based on the Ma’qali and Kufa scripts, six main styles of Arabic script emerged. These are بقحم - muhaqqaq, ثلث - suls, هسن - naskh, يقوت - tawqi’, ىناهير - raykhani, عاقر - riqo script types. Some linguists include the Taliq script among these scripts and define the main script styles as seven types. This script was invented for writing persian texts. Later, this script was combined with naskh to form thebasis for thecreation ofthe nastaliqscript. The discovery of 12 auxiliary signs in arabic script, the use of dots that distinguish letters from each other, their number and location are directly related to the Holy Quran. According to Islamic scholars, the script used in the Arabs before the emergence and spread of Islam was called hijazi script, which was learned and taught by Harb ibn Umayya from the Quraysh. This is actually an Anbari-Himyari script, and the first verses of the Holy Quran that spread in the Hijaz were written in this script. The pages of Abu Bakr and the manuscripts of Uthman are written withoutvarious auxiliary forms and dots,and there are nojuz's, hiz's, orother indicativesigns. The spread of Islam to non-Arab countries also ensured the presence of short vowels in writing. As a result, in 688 AD, the governor of Iraq, Ziyad ibn Abihi, ordered Abu al-Aswad al- Duvali to create a textbook on nahw (syntax). He marked short vowels (a, i, u) by placing dots above, inside, and below the letter. The second reform was carried out during the reign of Walid ibnAbdul Malik Marwan, one oftheUmmayad caliphs. Ibn Khallikan writes in his book “At-tashif” (“The Mispronunciation”): people continued to read the manuscripts of Uthman for more than forty years, until the time of Abdul Malik ibn Marwan. After the mispronunciation intensified in Iraq, Hajjaj ordered his scribes to assign signs 1Mas’udaliHakimjon.Xattimuallimiy.Tashkent,1991 2Mas’udaliHakimjon.Xattimuallimiy.Tas