POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) AND ALCOHOL ADDICTION

Аннотация

Bipolar affective disorder is a disorder of biochemical processes in the brain and, with psychotherapy, working with emotions in these patients can affect this "chemistry" and successfully control the "change" of mood. Long-term remission in bipolar disorder is possible, first of all, with adequate drug selection due to dysfunction of the brain's bar neurotransmitters, dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin systems. Cognitive behavioral therapy is important in the treatment of this disorder, helping patients identify irrational thoughts, judgments, emotions and successfully deal with them. Psychotherapy changes the work of the brain, affects changes in its biochemistry. Keywords: Bipolar affective disorder, psychotherapy, neurotransmitters, behavioral therapy. Introduction. Famous British psychoanalyst M. Balint introduced the concept of" primary defect “to define the primary”, verbal, and prenatal “level of damage to the psyche as a result of the breakdown of the first" object” – a diadic relationship with the mother. He described this defect as "a certain disorder in the mental apparatus, a deficiency that needs to be filled, the absence of something at the moment or in almost the entire life of the patient" and argued that “if the missing ingredients are found, the underlying defect can be cured” [1-3]. Apparently, he actually included in his psychoanalytic model the idea of the endogeneity of the nature of schizophrenia, the importance of the developmental effects of the environment in the early stages of a child's life, and did this long before the appearance of the stressful model of diathesis-schizophrenia. If we talk about the consequences of the “main defect”, then we again return to Ego deficiency. Let’s take a closer look at them [4-7]. 287 Yanvar, 2025-Yil Disadvantages involved in the main function of the ego (Z. Freud and A. According to Freud) – to ensure the "principle of truth". Later, the range of Ego functions was expanded and concretized, as a result of which the following functions were defined: - formation of an attitude towards reality (adaptation to reality, testing reality, experience or feeling reality); - regulation and control of impulses and impulses (ability to delay the satisfaction of desires, tolerance to despair, anxiety, depression); - building an objective relationship (the ability to build a stable relationship with another person, while simultaneously coping with individual negative emotions, hostile manifestations and maintaining this connection in the future); - the ability to carry out the thought process, that is, to perceive, understand, classify the environment, give it a certain meaning using a symbolic form (that is, speech), analyze, think, draw conclusions, as well as Remember, learn new things, plan, that is, carry out all kinds of mental or intellectual activity; - autonomic functions (primary autonomic innate abilities for perception, action, memorization, and secondary stable behaviors formed on their basis); - synthetic functions (combining all multilevel and heterogeneous manifestations into a single experience of the individual for its target behavior); - psychological defense mechanisms [8-12]. The last point has become a particularly popular area of development. The importance of this aspect is determined by the following points. First, the deficit mechanisms of psychological protection-preverbal, "primary" (for example, primitive isolation (including – autistic fantasy), rejection, powerful control, primitive idealization-devaluation, primitive forms of projection and introection, projective identification, division and detachment) are very important for diagnosing ego disorders in serious personality pathology, including"psychotic personality". Secondly, they provide an understanding of the direction of psychoanalytic treatment of patients, since improving the mechanisms of psychological protection, equipping the ego with new methods of combating unsatisfactory reality is the most important way of psychotic psychotherapy [13-15]. The second direction of research on psychosis psychotherapy was determined by theorists among the creators of the theory of "object relations". Analysts of the" British school "tried to systematically characterize the child's experience of early, verbal relationships with other people," transfer " to ordinary language (in the case of psychosis – unsatisfactory, nervous relationships). 288 Yanvar, 2025-Yil Later, only psychoanalytic data was added to observations, results from experimental studies, data from ethological reports, and later neuroscience [17-19]. To date, there is no doubt that the initial experience that the child receives from the interaction of people nearby, primarily the mother, is very important for the formation of basic trust in the world, the ability to regulate influences and socially influence. It is this experience of arousal, attachment, support and sometimes moderate, portable and therefore hopele