Effective approaches and ways of overcoming teaching foreign languages problems for non-native students

Аннотация

This article is devoted to the analysis of the role of metaphor in language, by comparing its functions in two different languages: the English and the Russian. The main functions of metaphor were analyzed by giving several, but definite examples in two chosen cultures and the previous studies of the other scientists were noted down to produce an overall meaning. Key words: metaphor, function, nominative, culture, explanative, mnemonic, ritualistic, comparative, explanatory, persuasive. Multiple researches has been done on many fields of metaphor. The first time metaphor was studied by an ancient scientist Aristotle and is still in high demand of further studies, as culture, people, language and world perception of people are changing from decades to decades. Hence, George Lakoff Marc Johnson(1980) continued the investigations on metaphor and its connections with linguistics, culture, philosophy in their book “ Metaphors we live by”, in which they clearly stated that ‘the metaphor is pervasive”. Specifically, it serves as a poetic imagination, a set of words to make people understand one’s point of view or is connected with our brain functions and conceptual system. Moreover, their findings revealed that human conceptual system is metaphorically structured and defined. Another scientist Ron Bontekoe (1987) in his article “the function of metaphor” explained that the metaphor is a phenomenon of language and language’s main job is to provide a possible communication, thus according to him the conveying of meaning should be the main aim of metaphor. According to Russian scholar Harchenko.V.K. identifying the main aims of metaphor in language is essential, as other than this, metaphors have much fields to study. However, still the functions of metaphor in two different languages is not well studied and compared yet, or even not studied. Hence, my main research will be based on this, then the main functions will be explained with the help of the scholars’ investigations. These two aspects will be the main objectives of my research. The study of the functions of metaphors in English and Russian languages offers a great access to the understanding of perceptions of metaphor in two different cultures with completely different historical background and origin of their first language, specifically Ingvaeonic and Slavic languages. Metaphor has been examined 127 Topical issues of language training in the globalized world as a linguistic, conceptual, and communicative phenomenon across various fields such as linguistics, literature, philosophy, education, political science, media studies, communication science, psychology, and neuroscience. Lakoff and Johnson played a significant role in highlighting the significance of conceptual metaphors as a cognitive framework for language use. Their work in the book ‘Metaphors we live by’ inspired scholars to explore how writers introduced new metaphors and to critically examine the foundational structures of thinking embedded within conceptual metaphors. Lakoff and Johnson’s studies on metaphor revealed that metaphorical language is not simply a linguistic device but a fundamental aspect of human cognition. They demonstrated that metaphor shapes our understanding of abstract concepts by mapping them onto more concrete domains, influencing how we perceive, think, and communicate about the world. Their research illustrated the pervasive and subconscious nature of metaphor in everyday language and thought processes. Meanwhile, Aristotle believed that metaphors are valuable in areas where scientific explanations are lacking, as they convey a deeper truth about the subject under study. Metaphors act as a foundation for exploring the underlying reasons behind a phenomenon, offering a meaningful starting point for further investigation into its causes. Turning to Russian scholars they outline more about the functions of metaphor, such as Vera Harchenko‘s research that highlights the multifaceted nature of metaphor functions in communication, elucidating their role in facilitating the understanding of complex concepts, supporting viewpoints, creating imagery and emotional impact, and persuading the audience. Moreover, Elena Semino presented in the article “Cognitive poetics and mental spaces” (2002). Explored the use of metaphors to represent psychological spaces in literature. While , Andrew Orton presented in his book “Metaphor and Thought” (1979). Explored the influence of metaphors on our understanding of the world and cognition. Furthermore, Jeanette Cameron discussed in the book “The Psychology of Language” (2003). Explored the role of metaphors in the psychology of language and their impact on perception and communication .Each of these scholars has made a significant contribution to the study of the functions and significance of metaphors in various 128 Topical issues of language training in the globalized world fields, from linguistics to psychology and literary studies. All in