A modern solution to the problems of modern linguistics and translation studies

Аннотация

This article aims to show the development of translation studies through three concepts of descriptive translation studies; product-based, processbased, and functional-based translation studies. The readers are introduced to some famous translation scholars including their view of translation studies. At the further discussions, this study lets the readers acknowledge the main issues on translation studies, focusing on the debate of equivalence versus variations in intertextual texts analysis. Some tendencies of variations, such as different grammar and sentence structure, diglossia leakage, and pragmatic consideration are also presented to present to what extent variations occur during investigation processes. Therefore, regarding those tendencies, this study is closed by the description of Matthiessen's proposals about points of consideration to construct a parameter to measure meaning variations. This study may help those who are interested to conduct translation researches and help them by giving options of which theories is beneficial to their analysis. It is undoubtedly right that translation is important to disseminate information. In line with this premise, the number of translation professionals are getting higher. However, the development of translation studies through researches remains stagnant. In fact, the result of translation researches tends to help human daily life in term of evaluation, designing translator machines, and cultural studies. This study tries to observe the development of translation studies by categorizing its concept into product-based, process-based, and function-based translation studies. By knowing these concepts, the writer indirectly persuades the readers to design various translation researches considering minor linguistic until major linguistic analysis in intertextual texts. The opening discussion is on the concept of translation and its debate on equivalency. 4. Modern Linguistics Linguistics or modern linguistics refers to the scientific study of language and its structure. This includes the study of features such as grammar, syntax, and phonetics. Moreover, modern linguistics regards language as a system and grammar is only considered as a systematic description of a certain language, either oral or written.Most importantly, modern linguistics is descriptive, i.e., it doesn’t prescribe how one should use language; instead, it describes how natural language functions. Moreover, it considers oral language as the basic form of language. Linguists also consider language change as a natural process; in linguistics, a language that doesn’t change is a dead language. Furthermore, most traditional grammarians considered 106 written form as the most important aspect of language; however, modern linguists consider speech as the most important aspect of language. Moreover, traditional grammar attempted to force language into a Latin-based framework, but modern linguists do not judge one language by the standards of another .Linguistics is the scientific study of human language.[1][2] It entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language,[3] particularly its nature and structure.[4] As linguistics is concerned with both the cognitive and social aspects of language, it is considered a scientific field as well as an academic discipline;[5] it has been classified as a social science,[6] natural science,[7] cognitive science,[8] or part of the humanities. Traditional areas of linguistic analysis correspond to phenomena found in human linguistic systems, such as syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences); semantics (meaning); morphology (structure of words); phonetics (speech sounds and equivalent gestures in sign languages); phonology (the abstract sound system of a particular language); and pragmatics (how social context contributes to meaning).3 Subdisciplines such as evolutionary linguistics (the study of the origins and evolution of language) and psycholinguistics (the study of psychological factors in human language) bridge many of these divisions.Linguistics encompasses many branches and subfields that span both theoretical and practical applications.4 Theoretical linguistics (including traditional descriptive linguistics) is concerned with understanding the fundamental nature of language and developing a general theoretical framework for describing it. Applied linguistics seeks to utilise the scientific findings of the study of language for practical purposes, such as developing methods of improving language education and literacy. Linguistic phenomena may be studied through a variety of perspectives: synchronically (describing a language at a specific point of time) or diachronically (through historical development); in monolinguals or multilinguals; children or adults; as they are learned or already acquired; as abstract objects or cognitive structures; through texts or oral elicitation; and through mechanical data c