SUBJECT REVIEW PHASES OF SUGAR METABOLISM AND THE EFFECT OF HORMONES ON IT

Аннотация

INTRODUCTION Chemical composition of sugar Glucose is decomposedin the cellsduring Glucose is on of a group of carbohydrates, simply biochemical reactions to release energy (ATP) to known as sugar. It has a molecular formula provide energy to all biological processes in the C H O . It belongs to monosaccharide body. Furthermore, the glucose is the energy 6 12 6 carbohydrates,[4] . Glucose is input of eukaryotes. The glucose is decomposed basicallysynthesised by plants during first during anaerobic process of glycolysis, photosynthesis process[1][2][9]. When glucose leading to the production of some ATP, hence enters the body, it moves through theblood energy is provided, iether in anaerobic or aerobic circulatory systemto every cell in the body. conditions. [1][2][4][7]. https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajiir 33 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY INNOVATIONS AND RESEARCH (ISSN- 2642-7478) VOLUME 06 ISSUE01 Figure1: chemical Format for glucose Where are dietary carbohydrates: it is the largest So a small amount of starch turns into Alpha- source of energy and makes up about ( 50%) of the dextrins total energy of the body Balanced food containing The catalytic action of this enzyme is directly carbohydrates is in the form of : lactose starch , disrupted by ph = 4 immediately after it reaches the sucrose , glucose starch consists of amylose and stomach, which explains the absence of any amylopectin , Amylose consists of glycosyl units chemical digestion of sugars in the stomach ( that form a spiral linear chain linked by glycosidic because it does not contain digestive enzymes for bonds ( 1.4 _ α ) with branches connected by sugars ) [9][7][11][3] glycosidic ( α _ 1.4 ) as for amylopectin, the chains In the intestine: are polysaccharides composed of hundreds to The successive digestion of the previous sugary millions of glycosyl units bonds ( α_1.6 ) compounds begins where pancreatic amylase ( [8][9][11][15] .lactose : consists of glucose and alpha-amylase dehydrogenase )converts galactose and the bonds between them is glycosidic Amorphous starch and dextrins are converted into ( β_1.4 ) Sucrose : it is a binary sugar consisting of maltoses by dissolving Alpha- bonds glycosidic glucose and fructose between which there is a bonds to obtain disaccharides. glycosidic bonds of type ( 1.2 _ α ) [8][9][11][15] . For the bonds ( . Alpha) are present at the removal Carbohydrates are organic molecules that present points, the enzyme (α _ 1. 6) glycosidase cleaves abundantly in nature. They provide dietary calories them to obtain binary sugars for most organisms, act as a storage form of energy In turn, disaccharides are converted by in the body, and serve a cell membrane disaccharide enzymes secreted from the pancreas components. Carbohydrates also supplystructural and intestinal mucosa into sucrose-maltose-lactose constituentof many other organism including to obtain monosaccharides, which is the final insects, the cell walls of bacteria and the product of the digestion of sugars .[5][16][18][20] exoskeleton Salivary and pancreatic alpha-amylase : Sugar metabolism phases The digestion of starch starts in the mouth, where Digestion and absorption of sugars : both chewing and mixing of food with saliva is Mouth : perform, the salivary glands release into the mouth Saliva is secreted by the salivary glands the latter at a volume rate of about one liter per day, which consists of 99.5 % water; ph =6.8 moderate has the enzyme alpha-amylase and other medium so that carbohydrates undergo a partial components . glycolysis process by salivary alpha-amylase where Alpha-amylase is one of the enzymes that dissolve it breaks glycosidic bonds ( 1.4 _α ) the internal glycosidic bonds But the action of this enzyme is low, due to the (α _ 1.4 ) within the starch molecule.[ 7][9][4][3] short stay of food in the mouth https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajiir 34 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY INNOVATIONS AND RESEARCH (ISSN- 2642-7478) VOLUME 06 ISSUE01 The short chains of complex polysaccharides Alpha-amylase does not show an active bond resulting from the action of salivary amylase are direction ( α _1.6) at the binding points . called alpha-dextrin It also has a weak activity in the direction of the Salivary alpha-amylase is inhibited when it bond ( 1.4 _ α ) at the end of the series reaches the stomach due to the high acidity of Hcl Binary enzymes located in the membrane of the secreted from gastric parietal cells . intestinal villi : After that, the acidic gastric juice enters the Both lactose as well as sucrose are present in the duodenum ( which is the upper part of the small diet, together with the products of starch intestine ) , where digestion continues digestion are converted into simple Secretions from the pancreas with external monosaccharides by glycosidase enzymes secretion continue and are secreted per day about associated with the membranes of