ON THE WORK DONE IN THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN THE EMIRATE OF BUKHARA

Аннотация

This article describes the work carried out in the agricultural sector during the reign of Mangit rulers of the Emirate of Bukhara, the construction of irrigation systems. KEYWORDS: - Development, Craftsmanship, Reasearch. lands (property); lands owned by religious I NTRODUCTION institutions (waqfs) and lands belonging to rural communities were available. In the Emirate of Bukhara, land ownership and use are generally regulated by Sharia law. Amir was considered the largest landowner. Possession and permission to use the land is at Although the official sale, gift, and endowment of the discretion of the head of state - the emir, and state lands were prohibited, this was not always in the principalities this power is exercised by the case. State lands have been multiplied by the the regional governors - the beys. development of vacant lands (reeds, rocks, groves, foothills). Individuals who acquired such Alternatively, state ownership of land and its lands were exempted from taxes for several The distribution by the head of state, in turn, years and then paid taxes in the prescribed relative to the land did not deny private land manner. The lands of the state (property) ownership and its private use. increased at the expense of the lands confiscated from the large landowners who had committed a One of the most important issues in the history of great sin before the ruler, and at the expense of agrarian relations of the Emirate of Bukhara is the lands of those who died without heirs. the issue of ownership. The issue of property has always been THE MAIN RESULTS AND FINDINGS considered complex, and scientists have In the Emirate of Bukhara, as in all regions of expressed different views on this issue in their Central Asia, agrarian relations, that is, land research and scientific work. For example, AA ownership, formed the basis of economic life. Semyonov said that there are three types of The following four types of land tenure in the property lands: his property is free, his property Bukhara Emirate in the XIX - early XX centuries: is rent and his property is tithe. M. N. state-owned lands (sultan's property); private Rostislavov, on the other hand, points out that CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 13 ISSN – 2767-472X https://masterjournals.com/index.php/CRJH CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(9): 13-16, September2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-09-04 ISSN 2767-472X ©2021 Master Journals Accepted 23th September, 2021 & Published 28thSeptember, 2021 there are two forms of property lands, and that Waqf lands were formed mainly as a result of their property consists of haste, property, and inheritance and donation of land plots to some rent. In turn, he divided the property into tithes religious institutions - mosques, tombs, and tithes. L. N. Sobolev points out that in the khanaqah madrasas, which formed a separate Zarafshan oasis there are such categories of land category of land ownership. as "property, waqf, property rent, property tithe In the emirate, the term property rent was used and property hurrikholis." to refer to land used by farmers. Landowners The analysis of the opinions put forward by who owned such lands had the right to freely sell, experts shows that in the Emirate of Bukhara inherit, and gift their land. there were also properties that were exempt From the time of Amir Nasrullo, a solitary form from land tax, the property of which was subject of land tenure has spread. Nasrullo confiscated to the payment of taxes in addition to hurr or the lands of disobedient officials and tribal elders hurri impartiality, ie property rent and tithe and gifted them to his supporters with the right (dahyak). of temporary possession of such lands. The property was considered to be hurr or land In the Bukhara Emirate, the attitude of the ownership which belonged to some large authorities towards the population did not landowners whose property was acquired change during the whole XIX century and even impartially. He was considered exempt from land until the beginning of the XX century. tax. The owner of the property hurr was always Administratively divided into principalities, they required to have a certificate issued by the continued to live scattered. Factors hindering the incumbent emir, and it was because of this development of the productive forces still certificate that he was exempted from land tax. existed, and its main burden fell on the shoulders Property rent is a term used to refer to land used of the common people. High-ranking officials of by the peasant population. The landowners who the Bukhara government, knowing the plight of owned this land were free to freely sell their the working people, never tried to carry out land, bequeath it, and gift it. The land tax from economic reforms in the country, to improve the these landowners is set at one-third (1/3) of the situation of the people. land harvest. However, the amount of land tax Although officials in the central go