Факторы, влияющие на развитие миграционных потоков, и меры, принимаемые европейскими странами для решения проблемы

Аннотация

This article is dedicated to one of the urgent problems of our time as the migration to the example of the countries of Africa and the Middle East. Actuality is characterized by the fact that in spite of the measures taken in recent years, the number of migrants is increasing on a large scale and become unmanageable process. This is facilitated by a number of factors, which are discussed in detail in the article. Keywords and expressions: migration, crisis, labor migration, refugees, trafficking, unemployment, terrorism and security. Аннотация. Ушбу мақола ҳозирги куннинг долзарб муаммоларидан бири саналган миграция муаммосига бағишланган бўлиб, мавжуд муаммо Африка ва Яқин Шарқ дав- латлари мисолида ўрганилган. Сўнгги йилларда амалга оширилган чора-тадбирларга қарамай, муҳожирлар сони кўнг кўламда ортиб боргани ҳолда, бошқариб бўлмас жа- раёнга айланиб бораётгани, муаммонинг долзарблигини белгилаб бермоқда. Бунга са- баб бўлаётган бир қатор омиллар мақолада муҳокама этилган. Таянч сўз ва иборалар: миграция, инқироз, меҳнат миграцияси, қочоқлар, одам савдоси, ишсизлик, терроризм ва хавфсизлик. 105 ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK / ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ 2017, № 4 Аннотация. Данная статья посвящена одной из актуальных проблем совре- менности – миграции – на примере стран Африки и Ближнего Востока. Актуаль- ность характеризуется тем, что, несмотря на меры, принятые в последние годы, число мигрантов стремительно увеличивается и становится неуправляемым процес- сом. Этому способствует ряд факторов, которые подробно обсуждаются в статье. Опорные слова и выражения: миграция, кризис, трудовая миграция, беженцы, торговля людьми, безработица, терроризм и безопасность. In today's world, labor migration is becoming more widespread. In accordance with the International Convention on protection rights of migrant workers and their families adopted by the UN General Assembly on 18 December 1990, the term "migrant worker" means a person who is engaged in paid employment in the State of which he is not (paragraph 1 article 2). Analyzing the processes may be somewhat broader approach to the concept of migration, considering it one of the temporary migration of species populations, aimed at working outside the place of permanent residence abroad. In the evolution of normative and operational responses to movement in the context of humanitarian crises, causality has been of paramount concern in framing responses and has shaped classification systems that place those who migrate into specific categories - for example, the classification of people who flee across borders "owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion" as refugees. Yet the convergence of factors such as drought and conflict or the interplay of drivers and motivations hinders a straightforward assessment of causation in many cases. Many argues on the experiences and strategies of those who fall outside exis- ting categories of forced migrant tend to disappear from view, leading to their neglect or worse. Dominating efforts to address this is the recognition - by go- vernments, academics and institutional and civil society actors - of protection gaps for those who move across national borders because of environmental and climate change. Commendable as these efforts are, questions remain as to the be- nefits of isolating and privileging these factors as a cause of movement, parti- cularly in light of the abundance of evidence about the diversity of factors influen- cing movement-related decisions1. Humanitarian crises may result from acute events, such as natural and human- made hazards - earthquakes, cyclones, and nuclear accidents and conflict, or from slow-onset processes that cause environmental damage, erode livelihoods, and, in extreme cases, lead to famine. These events and processes may be the trigger for movement, but in most cases, underlying structural factors such as poverty and poor governance comprise the context. Between 2010 and 2012, some 700 natural disasters were registered worldwide, affecting more than 450 million people. Armed conʑict or political instability in Iraq, Syria, Pakistan, Libya, Mali, Cot D’Ivoire, South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo affected millions more. Protracted conflicts in countries such as Somalia and 1 S. Martin, S. Weerasinghe. What is crisis migration? Int.http://isim.georgetown.edu/work/crisis/ 106 ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK / ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ 2017, № 4 Afghanistan have produced secondary irregular movements, highlighting the complex and exigent issues created in situations of conflict-induced displacement. Modern migration crisis in Europe is the result of a number of reasons, which can be divided into two major groups: structural and direct. The first group includes the global economic crisis that has engulfed the world in 2008. One of its devastating effects was the loss of work and livelihood of o