HISTOLOGY AND REGENERATION POTENTIAL OF NERVOUS TISSUE

Аннотация

Nervous tissue is considered the most complex and specialized tissue in the human and animal body. It consists of nerve cells—neurons—and supportive glial cells, and it forms both the central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (peripheral nerves and ganglia) nervous systems. The main function of nervous tissue is to receive, transmit, and respond to information from both external and internal environments. Its morphological structure and cellular/tissue-level organization play a crucial role in the performance of its physiological functions. The regeneration of nervous tissue, i.e., its ability to recover after injury, is one of the most pressing areas of modern neurobiology. The regenerative potential of the central nervous system (CNS) is significantly lower than that of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This implies a limited capacity for full recovery after injuries to the brain or spinal cord. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system, particularly due to the activity of Schwann cells, demonstrates a comparatively higher regenerative capacity. This difference is mainly attributed to the presence or absence of factors within the tissue microenvironment that eitherpromote orinhibitregeneration. Recent studies have shown that, although limited, neurogenesis—the formation of new neurons—also occurs in the central nervous system. Neuroblast formation has been particularly observed in the hippocampus and the subventricular zones surrounding the lateral ventricles in adults. This suggests that nervous tissue has a certain potential for self- repair under specific conditions. However, such processes are typically slow and rarely lead tocomplete regeneration. One of the main obstacles to regeneration in the CNS is the formation of glial scars (gliosis) caused by the proliferation of glial cells, especially astrocytes, at the injury site. These scars act as physical and chemical barriers that restrict nerve impulse transmission and axon growth. Therefore, many modern studies aim to overcome these barriers, identify biomolecules that stimulate regeneration, and enhance neuronal recovery using neurotrophic factors. This article analyzes the histological structure of nervous tissue, the interaction between neurons and glial cells, mechanisms of regeneration, differences between the CNS and PNS, andmodern therapeuticand restorativeapproaches (including neurostimulation, biomaterials, and stem cell therapy). It also explores recent experimental and clinical advancements as well as theexisting challenges inthe field ofneural regeneration. A deeper understanding of the regenerative potential of nervous tissue not only helps address challenges in surgery, traumatology, and neurology but also lays a scientific foundation forthefuture treatment ofneurodegenerative diseases. 98,7:ROTCAFTCAPMI.SECNEICSLACIDEM ,5202 , yluJ,5emuloV gro.srehsilbupcimedaca.www Keywords: Nervous tissue, neurons, glial cells, regeneration, central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), neurogenesis, gliosis, Schwann cells, astrocytes, axonal regeneration, neurotrophic factors, histological structure, nerve injury, nerve repair, biomaterials, stem cells, neurostimulation, cellular plasticity, microenvironment, functional recovery.