Advanced Surgical Approaches to Degenerative Cervical Spine Disorders

Аннотация

This article analyzes the expression of immunohistochemical markers (p53, Ki-67, VEGF, and CD34) in various histological types of ovarian cancer, along with their clinical-morphological features and prognostic significance. Marker expression levels were evaluated in relation to tumor progression, treatment effectiveness, and recurrence risk. The obtained results provide a scientific foundation for formulating individualized therapeutic strategies. Keywords: Ovarian cancer, immunohistochemistry, p53, Ki-67, VEGF, CD34, histotype, prognosis. Introduction: Ovarian cancer ranks third among In Uzbekistan, ovarian cancer ranks 6th–7th among all malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive female malignancies. Each year, 700–800 new cases are organs. Approximately 85% of patients have epithelial diagnosed. The national incidence is approximately forms of ovarian cancer, with well-differentiated 4.5–5.0 per 100,000 women—an average rate for tumors accounting for about 80%, while poorly Central Asia. The five-year survival rate is about 30– differentiated tumors make up around 20–30% [1]. 35%, primarily due to late-stage diagnoses. Currently, ovarian cancer remains one of the most Around 60–70% of ovarian cancer cases in Uzbekistan widespread oncological diseases worldwide. Each year, are detected at advanced stages (III–IV), which results an estimated 314,000 new cases are diagnosed, and in poor prognosis and low survival rates. Ovarian cancer approximately 207,000 deaths occur due to this accounts for 4–6% of all malignant tumors in women. disease. It ranks seventh in incidence and eighth in Among women aged 70 and older, this figure rises to 7– mortality among cancers in women globally. 8%, and in women aged 40–54, it is about 6.5–7.5%. Regional incidence per 100,000 population shows the Annually, an average of 400–500 women die from highest rates in Europe (11.4), followed by North ovarian cancer in Uzbekistan, representing 5–6% of all America (10.7), with lower rates in Asia (5.0) and Africa cancer-related deaths. In women under 30, ovarian (4.2). cancer is responsible for 40–60% of deaths from genital tumors. The lifetime risk for a girl born in Uzbekistan of Age distribution indicates that ovarian cancer is most developing ovarian cancer is estimated at 0.8–1.0%, commonly observed in women over 50, particularly while the risk of dying from it is about 0.5–0.6%. between ages 55 and 65. However, about 15% of cases occur in women under 40. Overall, ovarian cancer For a 30-year-old woman, the mortality risk from accounts for 3–4% of all female cancers and remains a ovarian cancer is approximately 15–17 times higher serious medical and social issue [1]. than from other causes. This gap decreases with age: at International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research 42 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijmscr International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research (ISSN: 2771-2265) ages 50–54 the risk is 7–8 times higher, and at 60–64 functions [8]. about 3–4 times. Among women over 75, the likelihood LITERATURE REVIEW of dying from other causes exceeds that of ovarian Recent studies have significantly expanded our cancer. understanding of the etiopathogenesis, histogenesis, The survival rate for ovarian cancer remains very low. and biomarker expression in ovarian cancer. Prat J. Within the first year after diagnosis, one in three (2012) identified five main histological types of ovarian patients dies. Based on summarized data from cancer, each with distinct clinical-biological features. European cancer registries, the overall survival rates for Bell et al. (2011) highlighted TP53 mutations as ovarian cancer are: predominant in serous carcinomas and PTEN and • 1-year: 63% ARID1A mutations in endometrioid tumors. McCluggage (2011) described distinct morphological • 3-year: 41% and immunohistochemical characteristics for each • 5-year: 35% [1] subtype. The key factors contributing to poor prognosis and Ki-67 is a proliferation marker whose high expression recurrence are: correlates with tumor aggressiveness and biological • Absence of early symptoms activity. VEGF plays a central role in angiogenesis, • Lack of reliable diagnostic tools indicating rapid tumor growth and metastatic potential. CD34 serves as a marker of microvessel • Ineffective treatment [2] density, allowing assessment of tumor vascularization Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease in terms of and tissue nutrition. etiology and clinical presentation. Tumor development These findings underscore the critical prognostic and is primarily due to genetic damage (mutations) of cells, therapeutic relevance of immunohistochemical which increases their sensitivity to endogenous and analysis in ovarian cancer. The article’s next sections exogenous carcinogens. Contributing factors may analyze how each marker is expressed across include mumps virus, asbestos exposure, hormonal histotypes and how they influence clinical and imbalances, immun