INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION PROCESSES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN THE ECONOMY OF COUNTRIES

Аннотация

This article examines the processes of international migration and their significance for national economies. It presents statistical data on the top ten countries globally in terms of remittance inflows and outflows generated by labor migrants. The analysis focuses on the economic impact of migration on both “sending” and “receiving” countries. Keywords: International migration, migrant, trend, immigrant, emigrant, gross domestic product (GDP), export. Introduction. Human migration is an age-old phenomenon relevant to virtually every society across the globe, yet it continues to evolve in diverse ways. Shifts in scale, direction, demographics, and frequency enable us to observe howmigration is dynamically developing overtime. The term migration encompasses various legally defined categories of individuals such as labor migrants with formal status as well as those who fall under specific forms of movement regulated by law, including irregular or undocumented migrants. It also−includes groups whose legal status or me−ans of movement are not explicitly defined under international law, such as foreign students1. To facilitate the collection of migration-related data, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) defines an international migrant as “any person who changes his or her country of usual residence.” This definition deliberately excludes individuals who move for purposes such as tourism, visits to friends and relatives, business travel, medical treatment, or religiouspilgrimage2. The causes of contemporary migration are diverse and complex. However, the primary motivations can broadly be categorized as economic and social. These two categories are so deeply intertwined that distinguishing between them is often difficult; thus, it is more appropriate to refer to them collectively as socio-economic factors. The major determinants ofpresent-day migration include: -economicfactors –wage differentials, employment availability; 1WORLDMIGRATIONREPORT2022. 2WORLDMIGRATIONREPORT2022. 98,7:ROTCAFTCAPMI .SECNEICSLACIDEM ,5202, enuJ,5emuloV gro.srehsilbupcimedaca.www -social factors –access to healthcare, quality oflife, family relations, children's welfare; - religious and ethnic factors – affiliation with a particular ethnic group or religious belief system; -environmental factors –climate, weather conditions, ecological stability; -administrativefactors –migration policies, regulatory frameworks. Migration may be triggered by both “push” and “pull” factors. Push factors, which operate insending (donor) countries, include: -economicreasons - unemployment andlack ofjob opportunities,lowwage levels; -social reasons - lack of future prospects, absence of educational opportunities, deteriorating criminal situation,personal sense ofinsecurity; - ethno-religious reasons - discrimination based on ethnic, racial, or religious affiliation, conflicts between ethnicgroups, "ethnic cleansing"; -administrative-political reasons -persecution for political views, deportation; -natural causes - natural disasters, deterioration ofecological conditionsand climate. "Pull"factors in receiving countries includethefollowing: - economic factors - the possibility of finding employment, high wage levels, access to developed infrastructure; -social factors -opportunities for education,presence of familymembers and relatives; -ethno-religious factors -religious freedom, policies ofethnic and religious diversity; -administrativeandpolitical factors -programs for attracting migrants; -natural factors -favorableclimate, good ecological conditions. Review of Relevant Literature. In the study of modern population migration, significant differences exist between domestic and international scholarly traditions. Each school of thought reflects distinct characteristics shaped byits historical andtheoretical context. A pivotal contribution to migration theory was made by British geographer and statistician Ernst Georg Ravenstein, whose influential article titled “The Movement of Population Between Cities” was published in 1946 in the American Sociological Review3. In this work, 3ZipfG.The(P1P2/D)hypothesis:ontheintercitymovementofpersons//AmericanSociological Review.1946.№11.P.677–686. 98,7:ROTCAFTCAPMI .SECNEICSLACIDEM ,5202, enuJ,5emuloV gro.srehsilbupcimedaca.www Ravenstein explored the impact of distance on interurban migration, laying the foundation forspatial migration theory. He sought to explain such movements through theprinciple of least effort or least resistance, which posits that individuals tend to pursue outcomes that require the least expenditure of energy or resources. In the context of migration, this means people are more likely to relocate to destinations that are geographically closer or socially and economically more accessible. The American sociologist Everett S. Lee made a significant contribution to the study of population migration theory. In 1966, in his article “Theory of Migration”, he revised