THE CHEMICAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW AGROCHEMICAL PREPARATIONS BASED ON ACRYLONITRILE

Аннотация

Acrylonitrile, a reactive vinyl nitrile compound, has garnered increasing attention in agrochemical research due to its structural versatility and potential bioactivity. This study investigates the chemical foundations for the development of novel agrochemical preparations based on acrylonitrile derivatives with insecticidal and fungicidal properties. A series of acrylonitrile-based molecules were synthesized through controlled nucleophilic addition and substitution reactions, targeting structural motifs known to enhance biological efficacy. The compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods (FTIR, NMR, GC-MS) to confirm their identity and purity. Preliminary bioassays revealed that several derivatives exhibit significant activity against selected insect pests and phytopathogenic fungi. The observed bioactivity is discussed in relation to electron-withdrawing substituents and nitrile functionality, which contribute to increased molecular reactivity and target specificity. These findings establish acrylonitrile as a promising scaffold for designing next- generationagrochemical agents withimproved potency and selectivity. Introduction: The global demand for more efficient and environmentally responsible agrochemicals has driven research toward the development of novel compounds with 98,7:ROTCAFTCAPMI .SECNEICSLACIDEM ,5202, enuJ,5emuloV gro.srehsilbupcimedaca.www enhanced biological activity and reduced toxicity. Among various functional scaffolds, acrylonitrile (CH₂=CH–CN) stands out as a highly reactive and synthetically accessible molecule, capable of forming a wide range of biologically active derivatives. Due to the presence of both a vinyl and a nitrile group, acrylonitrile exhibits strong electrophilic properties, making it a versatile intermediate in organic synthesis and an attractive candidate foragrochemical applications. Recent studies have shown that acrylonitrile derivatives can exhibit notable insecticidal and fungicidal activities, particularly when modified with electron-withdrawing or heterocyclic substituents. The nitrile group enhances molecular binding to biological targets by increasing polarity and hydrogen bonding potential, while structural modifications can fine- tune lipophilicity and bioavailability. Despite its synthetic utility and potential efficacy, the fullscope ofacrylonitrile-based agrochemicals remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the chemical principles and synthetic strategies involved in designing new agrochemical agents derived from acrylonitrile. By correlating structural features with biological performance, this work seeks to establish a chemical framework for the rational development of selective and effective pest control agents using acrylonitrile as thecore buildingblock. Literature review: Acrylonitrile and its derivatives have long been recognized for their synthetic utility in organic chemistry, particularly as intermediates in the production of plastics, resins, and pharmaceuticals. In recent years, attention has shifted toward their potential applications in the field of agrochemistry. Several studies have demonstrated that acrylonitrile-containing compounds can exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities, including insecticidal, fungicidal, and nematicidal effects. The biological activity is largely attributed to the reactive nitrile group, which can participate in covalent interactions with keybiomoleculartargets in pests and pathogens. For instance, nitrile-functionalized heterocycles and substituted acrylonitrile derivatives have been reported to disrupt enzymatic activity in insect nervous systems and fungal cell wall synthesis. A study by Lin et al. (2018) highlighted that acrylonitrile-based pyrazoles showed superior insecticidal activity compared to standard commercial agents. Similarly, acrylonitrile-substituted phenyl ethers were shown to inhibit fungal growth in postharvest crops, as reported by Zhao et al. (2020). These findings underscore the structural flexibility ofacrylonitrilescaffolds inagrochemical design. Moreover, quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analyses have been employed to predict and enhance the bioefficacy of acrylonitrile derivatives by adjusting electronic parameters, steric factors, and hydrophobicity. Spectroscopic techniques such as NMR, FTIR, and GC-MS are frequently utilized for compound characterization, ensuring structural integrityprior to biological testing. Despite this growing interest, the number of commercially available acrylonitrile-based agrochemicals remains limited, suggesting that further exploration and rational development are needed. This study aims to bridge this gap by integrating synthetic organic strategies with biological evaluation to design and assess new acrylonitrile-derived agroactive compounds. Methodology: A series of acrylonitrile-based compounds were synthesized through nucleophilic substitution and electrophilic addition reactions using substi