FEATURES OF THE SENSITIZATION SPECTRUM IN PATIENTS WITH ATOPIC BRONCHIAL ASTHMA AND ALLERGIC RHINITIS IN HOT CLIMATES (REVIEW ARTICLE)

Аннотация

This article explores the pathogenesis and epidemiological features of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including genetic predisposition, environmental factors, gender and age- related characteristics, and geographic variations. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis and a comprehensive treatment approach to reduce disability and improve patients'quality of life. Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis, pathogenesis, autoantibodies, epidemiology, genetic predisposition,early diagnosis, disability Introduction. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease primarily affecting the joints, with possible systemic involvement of internal organs [27]. This condition can also lead to severe disability and a significant decline in quality of life if not adequately controlled. This article examines the relevance and importance of understanding the pathogenesis and prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the context of the modern healthcare system. RA is a systemic disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, primarily the synovial membrane of joints. This triggers a cascade of inflammatory reactions accompanied by the activation of immune cells and the production of autoantibodies (rheumatoid factor and antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide). Prolonged inflammation leads to the formation of pathological tissue - pannus - and, ultimately, to the destruction of cartilage and bone. Understanding these key mechanisms of pathogenesis is crucial both for comprehending the nature of the disease and for developing new approaches tocontrol itand prevent itsprogression [1]. It is also important to consider the epidemiological significance of rheumatoid arthritis. The disease affects approximately 0.5-1% of the population, with women suffering from it 2-3 times more frequently than men [3]. Typically, the onset of the disease occurs between the ages of 30 and 60 - the most socially and professionally active period of life [13]. The high 98,7:ROTCAFTCAPMI .SECNEICSLACIDEM ,5202, enuJ,5emuloV gro.srehsilbupcimedaca.www prevalence, pronounced impact on work capacity, as well as the high risk of systemic complications underscore the need for widespread awareness of the disease among healthcareprofessionals and the general public[16]. Thus, a thorough understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms and prevalence patterns of RA plays a crucial role in the timely detection of the disease, prevention of its severe consequences, and the development of effectivepublichealth strategies. The aim of this study is to analyze the pathogenetic mechanisms and epidemiological characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis, as well as to substantiate the importance of these aspects for raising awareness about the disease and improving strategies for its early detection and prevention ofcomplications. The method of information retrieval consisted of literature analysis, which was conducted using leading scientific and medical resources, including eLIBRARY, PubMed.NCBI, CyberLeninka, as well as the official portal of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF - International Diabetes Foundation). The review included publications released between 2000 and2025. Results ofOriginalResearch. Incidence ofrheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease affecting approximately 0.5- 1% of the adult population worldwide [16; 24; 25]. Precise figures may vary depending on geographical region, ethnicity, and research methods employed. Studies in North America and Europe indicate a prevalence of RA within 1-2%, while in Asian and African countries, this figure may be lower [16; 25]. This chronic inflammatory disease is characterized by progressive joint damage, which, if left untreated, can lead to significant deformities and loss of functionality. RA manifests as joint pain, typically symmetrical (affecting the same joints on both sides of the body), swelling, stiffness (particularly in the morning), and general weakness. Eventually, uncontrolled inflammation results in damage to cartilage, bones, and surrounding tissues, causing irreversible changes in joint structure. It is extremely important to understand the prevalence of RA, not only for planning healthcare resources and developing effective screening programs but also for raising public awareness about symptoms and the necessity ofseeking medical attention in atimely manner. Delay in diagnosis and initiation of treatment can lead to disease progression and worsening of the prognosis[22]. Gender inequality Interestingly and, unfortunately, predictably, women are more susceptible to RA, with a prevalence 2-3 times higher than in men. According to numerous studies, RA is diagnosed in women 2-5 times more frequently than in men. The reasons for this gender difference are not fully understood and are likely multifactorial. Among the most probable factors influencing women's increased susceptibility to RA, hormonal factors