Ashtarkhanids Reign During Land Ownership Relations

Аннотация

This article examines land ownership relations in the Bukhara Khanate during the rule of the Ashtarkhanid dynasty (1601–1756). It analyzes the legal and economic nature of land tenure. The study explores the role of these relations in state governance, social stratification, and agrarian policy. Particular attention is given to highlighting the role of the land ownership system in ensuring political stability and economic development, based on historical sources. Keywords: Amlok , private lands, ushr lands, waqf lands, Juybari sheikhs, land , arazi-yi authority , land king , land authority king , land country , territory king , kingship padshahi , amlok , mulk , Diwan -i mal, kharaj , diwan, mulk- i hurr-i pure , exploitation, hashar , begar , ushr , property expense. in the circumstances, that is central authority now Introduction: XVI - XVIII in the centuries Bukhara in the them Shaybanis during happened such as support khanate there is was land ownership following main to unable to remaining one at the time intensifying going categories divided: state lands, private lands, tithe tribe captains their to the lands claim do They started. lands, taxes free done lands and foundation lands. Nevertheless, Jo ' ybor sheikh Tajiddin to oneself From this outside supreme the ruler's he is also big to relevant was land and property further to expand land and property ownership Also, the Khanate nomad successful State lands authority, power authority, land to the population dependent was There are also many king, land authority king, king of the world king, places. was. Ashtar Khans during land ownership also kingdom king, estate or property called divided into known in their relationships changes to the eye thrown. Devon - i mol (Great Devon- khanate) finance by the Including, on the ground ownership to do in their Department of managed. State lands conquest relationship state of lands share decreasing, private marches as a result conquest done and different to the property shaped land ownership noticeable at the level reasons see you don't have remaining lands on account increased. This is the ruling dynasty representatives of of formed. Such places to farmers use or temporary the government weakening and large officials position ownership to do right based on given. From such places increase with explanation possible. During this period used from farmers of the harvest three one (1/3) of out large Uzbek of seeds captains and there is a place of five up to one (1/5) was in volume land Tax ( khiroj ) sheikhs big and big to the places ownership For was levied on state lands . for rent to give usually example , in the khanate own to the position has was landowners by done increased. State lands private large from officials one of them was Emir Yalangto' property of lands from the owners own of their Shbiy from the 18th century first half of Samarkand properties one part to the desk gift to do also filled in region big to the part ownership Also , the emir the account visited. Usually such in cases gift made 2/3 Yalangto' shbiy relevant was lands state from taxes of the land is under the jurisdiction of the devan the free Another one large official A thousand tribes of remaining 1/3 and his/her to the owner property in the Uzbeks captain Olloberdibiy and his/her son Allayorbi is form of returned, that is permanent accordingly from also very big to land and property ownership They did taxes free made without (property-i hurr-i impartial) . Above emphasizing as mentioned, there is a place given. Such transactions when created, legal in sheikhs Ashtarkhans large even during the land owners documents of the earth type – irrigated or lack of water as own positions save castle those who received. If the land is irrigated if so, then from water use The Ashtarkhanids during the period complicated political International Journal Of History And Political Sciences 35 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijhps International Journal Of History And Political Sciences (ISSN – 2771-2222) share is also shown. The Shaybanids by Of the system here was different: state lands were directly Transoxiana pressing to be taken as a result of lands big managed by special officials headed by a devan part new dynasty in hand passed. Big owners in hand consisting of landlords and tenant owners. In the private lands pull to be taken and state land to the fund Bukhara Khanate, there was no difference between conversion as a result the most many lands to the state state and private lands in terms of taxation. All lands relevant to be remained. By the time of the Ashtar (except for mulk-i hurri khalis) were taxed. However, Khans, the situation of tenant farmers became even taxes of the earth to the shape looking at various The worse due to the decrease in the amount of state lands land of endowments also paid taxes. The amount of and the transfer of these lands to the hands of large such lands sharply decreased as a result of the gifts of officials. Ar