ADVANCEMENTS IN HEART FAILURE MANAGEMENT: FROM NEUROHORMONAL MODULATION TO EMERGING REGENERATIVE THERAPIES

Аннотация

Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body. It is a final common pathway for many cardiovascular diseases and remains one of the leading causes of hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality worldwide. The primary goal of this research is to analyze the evolution of heart failure management, focusing on the progression from traditional neurohormonal modulation to advanced regenerative therapies and personalized medicine strategies. The multifactorial pathophysiology of HF involves not only systolic or diastolic dysfunction but also neurohormonal dysregulation, inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Traditionally, HF has been classified based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) into HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), preserved EF (HFpEF), and mid-range EF (HFmrEF). However, evolving evidence suggests a need for more phenotype-specific treatment approaches that incorporate biomarkers, imaging data, and genetic profiling.