LEXICAL-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF UNITS EXPRESSING A PERSON'S MENTAL STATE IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE

Аннотация

Salt (sodium chloride) plays an essential role in physiological processes such as nerve conduction and fluid balance. However, excessive intake has been identified as a major contributor to various chronic health conditions. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends limiting daily salt consumption to no more than 5 grams, yet global averages exceed 9–12 grams, and in some populations, intake reaches up to 15 grams daily. Excess sodium increases fluid retention, leading toelevated blood volume and, consequently, increased blood pressure. Persistent high sodium intake is a key factor in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and renal dysfunction. Furthermore, fluid retention contributes to peripheral edema, particularly in the lower extremities. Overburdened kidneys are forced to work harder, accelerating glomerular damage and raising therisk ofchronic kidneydisease (CKD). Keywords: sodium chloride, fluid retention, hypertension, renal filtration, cardiovascular risk, chronickidney disease, electrolyte imbalance. Introduction. As is well known, the human kidneys carry out a complex and tightly regulated process of urine formation, which includes the stages of ultrafiltration, reabsorption, secretion, and concentration. In the first stage—ultrafiltration—under the influence of effective filtration pressure (P_eff), expressed by the formula: P_gc − (P_bs + π_gc), about 160–180 liters of primary urine are formed daily [12; p.102]. This primary urine contains low-molecular-weight substances such as glucose, amino acids, creatinine, urea, and anions of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and others. The role of the vascular-basement membrane and Bowman's capsule is to provide selective filtration, while the activity of hormones such as vasopressin and natriuretic factor regulates the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles of the glomerulus, thus influencing the filtration rate [12; p.105]. In the proximal tubules, obligatory reabsorption occurs, which is not hormonally regulated. Here, glucose, amino acids, proteins, and up to 7/8 of the water volume are completely reabsorbed. However, urine concentration begins only in the loop of Henle due tothecountercurrent mechanism and continues inthe distaltubules [12;p.106]. In the distal segments, facultative reabsorption and electrolyte secretion (including sodium and potassium) become active. The osmolality of the extracellular fluid plays a crucial role in regulating cell volume. In conditions such as diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD), disturbances in water-salt homeostasis occur, requiring additional correction [16; p.10]. Hyperosmia, caused by glucose in diabetes or urea in CKD, affects intracellular osmoregulation differently, despite similar plasma osmolality levels [12; p.104]. Studies show that the use of natural remedies, such as pomegranate seed oil, has a positive effect on 98,7:ROTCAFTCAPMI .SECNEICSLACIDEM ,5202, enuJ,5emuloV gro.srehsilbupcimedaca.www the function of the kidneys, thymus, and spleen in cases of impaired filtration and osmoregulation [2; p.39], [3; p.165], [4; p.41]. These agents, due to their antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing properties, help improve the morphofunctional condition of the kidneys [29; p.58], reduce the toxicity of sodium salts, and prevent inflammatory processes in the glomerular apparatus [16; p.11]. In certain diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and CKD, additional therapeutic interventions are required to correct plasma osmolality and maintain it within strict limits. However, clinical practice often overlooks the different nature of the substances causing hyperosmia: glucose in diabetes, and urea in CKD. Despite having the same molal concentration, their effects on cellular osmoregulation differ [12; pp.104–105]. As previously mentioned, plasma osmolality is one of the most tightly regulated homeostatic parameters of the body. This is due to the fact that the volume of each cell directly depends on the osmolality of the extracellular (pericellular) fluid. Under conditions of stable osmotic membrane permeability and constant intracellular osmolyte content, the total amount of dissolved substances in the plasma determines the movement of water between compartments and, consequently, the cell volume [12; p.106]. Cell volume osmoregulation (cell volumetry) depends onthree key factors: 1. Theosmolalityof thefluidsurrounding thecell, 2. Theosmoticpermeabilityofthe plasmamembrane, 3. Thetotal amount ofosmotically activesubstances insidethecell. In the kidneys, osmotic free water plays an essential role in maintaining water balance. Its movement is regulated by the osmolality gradient between the cortical and medullary regions of the kidneys. When water needs to be conserved, the medulla creates a high osmotic gradient, promoting water reabsorption from the collecting ducts. In the opposite case—excess water—the gradient decreases, and water is excreted as di