Citizenship in Bukhara

Аннотация

Bukhara, historic city in Uzbekistan, has a rich traditional and historical heritage. Being citizen of Bukhara often refers to being part of Uzbekistan by following certain rules. . In the past,unlike modern concept of citizenship, being passport holder of Bukhara was based on loyalty towards rules, adherence to Islamic principles, and membership on a certain hierarchical social classes. For the time being, Bukhara proffers several rules and principles to be citizen of the city set by the Uzbek government. In the 20th century, every citizen of Bukhara ought to be loyal with emir and his word was so critical, on account of the fact that he held authority. He also considered as the protector of Islam within the emirate. Hence, he had both political and religious authority, which required loyalty from his subjects. Allegiance towards emir was so vital as he embodied the state and Islamic order. Reflecting allegiance towards emir also mean fulfilling his certain duties such as paying taxes on time. In general, their role in society were defined by their service and showing loyalty to the emir.(1:22) Key words: authority, government, citizens, membership, population, punishments, mobility, naturalization, scholars ІNTRОDUСTІОN. Laws and social norms enforced by the emir and his officials should not be obeyed by citizen of Bukhara. Citizens were expected to live in accordance with these norms like Islamic principles and customary laws. In case of not implementing his orders, the people were not allowed to being part of Bukhara or encountered with punishments for disobedience or dissent. As well as, Bukhara was a significant hub for Islam learning, and community membership often comprises adherence to Islamic rules. In other words, to be part of Bukhara mean being a practicing Muslim. There were a host of scholars, or ulama, held significant power and responsible for educating the population in Islamic principles. They introduced Islamic law, namely Sharia, and maintained social order, creating a deeply religious connected identity as a criterion for social acceptance. MАTЕRІАLS АND MЕTHОDS. Non-muslims, whereas allowed to reside in Bukhara, had a limited status. They were often resort to certain special taxes such as jizya, a tax for whom wanted to become native in Bukhara pay a tax for non-Muslims, as well as, they faced restrictions in participating in social and political affairs. Furthermore, their rights and privileges were fewer in contrast to Muslim residents, reflecting the importance of Islam in Bukharan society. There was a necessity for each resident which was taking part in religious events and practices, like the Friday prayer, Ramadan, Sacrifice events, and Islamic festivals, reinforced internal relations , a sense of belonging, and identity among society. Participation in these events was not about religious duty but also a social requirement, creating deep connection and linking individuals to the community and the state. Membership of Bukhara often comprises certain challenges for individual during the 20th century. By the late 19th century, Russian expansion into Central Asia introduced new ideologies and ways of governance, which began to challenge traditional views on religious identity and loyalty to the emir. Although Bukhara retained much of its autonomy until the Soviet takeover, these influences gradually shifted the rigid structure of Bukharan society. By virtue of the fact that Russia put society under a lot of pressures, Bukharan community tortured and struggled with being part of the society. RЕSULTS АND DІSСUSSІОN.Citizenship in Bukhara today embodies modern Uzbek national principles, balancing historical cultural identity with the rights and responsibilities of a secular state. While citizens enjoy a range of rights and protections, social and political challenges still shape the 224 STUDENTLERDI BIRLESTIRIW: XALÍQARALÍQ IZERTLEWLER HÁM PÁNLER BOYINSHA BIRGE ISLESIW 1-XALÍQARALÍQ STUDENTLER KONFERENCIYASÍ. NÓKIS, 2025-JÍL 20-21-MAY extent of these freedoms in practice. As all above mentioned, the people in Bukhara, prided themselves on being part of a community that not only had a rich history but also contributed significantly to cultural, religious, and educational progress. This pride and deep-rooted connection to the city are crucial elements that shape the local understanding of citizenship. Right now, there are certain rules an individual should obey. To be a citizen of Bukhara, one must be an Uzbek citizen. The laws governing citizenship are defined by the Constitution of Uzbekistan and related legal frameworks. In Bukhara, citizenship can be obtained by birth, naturalization, or through other legal means as specified by Uzbek law. (2:45) When it comes to foreigner, applicants typically need to fulfill certain residency requirements and demonstrate knowledge of the Uzbek language and culture. They also have responsibilities such as obeying laws and contributing to society. СО