CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE BRONCHOPULMONARY AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Аннотация

The World Health Organization (WHO) forecasts that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will become the leading cause of death worldwide by 2030. At present, approximately 3 million deaths each year are linked to this condition. Smoking and metabolic syndrome, particularly obesity, are the primary risk factors for COPD. These factors also play a significant role in the development of tumors and are major contributors to cardiovascular diseases like coronary heart disease and hypertension. The progression of these conditions is influenced by several pathogenic mechanisms that lead to indirect vascular damage, endothelial dysfunction, and thickening of the arteries. Key contributing factors include hypoxemia, diabetes, smoking, oxidative stress, and increased systemic inflammation, which occur both at rest and during physical activity.