HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LEXEMES DENOTING THE NAMES OF SEASONS IN TURKIC LANGUAGES

Аннотация

В статье рассматриваются лексико-семантические свойства времяобозначающих лексем, связанных с временами года, которые использовались в древнетюркскийязыковойпериод,внекоторых современныхтюркских языках. Ключевые слова:лексема; морфема; система; этимология; обозначать; Антрополингвистика;темперамент. The change of seasons is caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit (the path of the Earth around the Sun). The direction of the Earth's axis does not change as the Earth revolves around the Sun. Therefore, as the Earth revolves around the Sun, one north pole and one south pole face the Sun. When the north pole faces the Sun, the northern hemisphere warms more, and when the south pole faces the Sun, the southern hemisphere warms more. From this, the seasons change. In the Northern Hemisphere, the beginning of spring is the time when the Sun passes through the vernal equinox (March 21- 22); the beginning of summer is the time when the Sun passes through the summer solstice (June 21-22); the beginning of autumn is the time when the Sun passes through the autumnal equinox (September 23), and the beginning ofwinter is the timewhen theSunpasses through the winter solstice (December 21-22). In the Southern Hemisphere, the opposite is true. The naming of the years in Turkic languages ​ ​ is also ancient, and their naming in modern Turkic languages ​ ​ is almost the same with phonetic differences. Such names are considered to benames related to seasonal changes intheearth's crust. Yay/yaz/jaz/ Ko‘klam jas is spring in "Kutadgu Bilig". Jaruq jaz teg erdim tümän tü čečäklig – I was like a bright spring with different flowers (QBK, 38616). This word is a Turkish+Persian compound noun, the Turkish word for "Ilk bahar" first+spring in Turkish. In some Turkic languages only the Persian part is used. In the Old Turkic period, the spring season was expressed by the word "yoz", In the inscription "Orkhon" “Yazınga Oḡuz tapa page916 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue05,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai süledim- I went to war in Oghuz in the spring. (Muharrem Ergin, a.g.e., Boaziçi Yayınları Istanbul, 2000,s.) In the "Devonu Lug'atit Turk" this word has two meanings, representing both summer and spring. Kǖz keliği yayın belgülüg (DLT 515/414) Also expressed in the saying "The arrival of autumn is known from spring". In some languages, the word "Summer" is also used to represent "spring". In addition to the word "spring" in the Azerbaijani and Turkmen languages, the word "summer" also has a place in the meaning of autumn. (Seyavu Serhanlı Zeynelabidin Makas, a.g.e., s. 334). The word "ko'klam", which is used to mean spring in the Uzbek language, also exists in modern Turkish dialects. “Köklem yamurları ekin ve ot yürütür.”- Spring rains make crops and grasses grow. (Eyüp- Istanbul Derleme Sözlüü, cilt 8,s.418) Spring is also expressed in Kazakh Turkish bythe word "ko'klem". In Altai Turkish, the spring season is expressed by the word "kuule". (Emine Gürsoy Naskali-Muvaffak Duranlı, a.g.e., s. 130). In the Khakass language, a South Siberian language and dialect, the lexeme ḉas (chas) is used in the meaning of "spring". (Gürsoy Naskali vd., 2007,s. 83). In the Old Turkic period, the /y-/ sound at the beginning of a word changed to the /ç-/ sound. The /– z/sound at the end ofa word changed to the/–s/sound. In theTuvan language, theuse ofthe lexeme ças in the same form in the meaning of "spring" can be seen. (Ölmez, 2007,s. 110). In the Altai language, the lexeme "jas" is used in the meaning of "spring". ( Gürsoy Naskali- Duranlı,1999,s.55). Yay (Yaz) – summer. This word comes from the verb "yay".[DLT;141-bet;2017]. In "Kutadgu bilig" "yay", summer. Qadïr qïšqa yandï yarumïš yayï – His bright summer turned into a bitterly cold winter (QBH, 467). It represents the period between the awakening of nature and the periods of drought. The word "summer" also exists in the Old Turkic language, as "yoz" in the Divan. In Azerbaijani, the consonant z>y has changed. The lexemechanges to y>j in Kyrgyz, Kazakh, and Tatar, and to z>y in Kyrgyz and Tatar Turkic. In addition, the phenomenon of vowel thinning in Tatar Turkish is also noteworthy. In Turkmen Turkish, the words "yalpak, yasi" are used to express the seasons, and in Uyghur Turkish, the words "yapilaq" or "yayima" are used. The word "yalpoq" is also used in Anatolian dialects. However, the word expresses the meaning of "bottomless, crooked place." In Uzbek, “yalpoq” is used to describe a flat place. In the Altai language, one of the languages ​ ​ and dialects of South Siberia, the word-initial sound /y-/ changed to /ç-/ during the Old Turkic period. For this reason, in Altaic, the lexeme meaning Summer is expressed through the form çay(chay) (Gürsoy Naskali- Duranlı,1999, s. 56). In the Khakas language, the lexeme çay(chay