THE LIFE PATH AND WORK OF ENLIGHTENER AHMAD DONISH BUKHARI.

Аннотация

The full name of the enlightener Ahmad Donish (1827-1897) is Ahmad Ibn Mir Nasir Ibn Yusuf al-Hanafi al-Siddiqi al-Bukhari, and Donish is his literary pseudonym. He was a poet, thinker, writer, artist, calligrapher, scientist and enlightener who lived and worked in the Bukhara Emirate in the middle of the 19th century and became famous for his progressive ideas. Ahmad Donish was born in 1827 (1242 Hijri) in Kochai Sangin Guzar of Bukhara city in a mudarris (intellectual) family. His grandfather (on his father's side) was a farmer, studied at the old religious school in the village, then at one of the Bukhara madrasas, and then became an imam at one of the mawzes in this city. Ahmad Donish was given primary education by his mother, Sakina Abdurrahman, and his father, Nasir ibn Yusuf, taught him the Arabic language. Ahmed's mother taught village girls in her home, she was well aware of literature and practiced poetry. Naturally, Ahmad also received his first education in this school. A. Donish about this: before I went to school, like other children in our family, I learned the alphabet from my mother, I learned to read and write, and even to arrange songs. Loyshuvaq noted that he clearly remembers drawing geometric shapes on the wall with a pencil. In his "Reminiscences", Sadriddin Ainiy mentions Ahmad Donish: "He was born in the family of Mulla Mir Nasir in Bukhara in 1827." Ahmad Donish's father, Mulla Mir Nasir, taught in one of the small madrasas in Bukhara. Ahmed Donish and information related to him, the "Amazing Man" section of Sadriddin Ainiy's "Reminiscences" book has a special place. His father, who wished that his son would become a mature scholar in the future, sent him to a Muslim school in his neighborhood, wanting him to become a scholar and memorizer of the Holy Qur'an. The teacher of the school told Ahmad Mahdum's father that his son's tongue is soft, his tongue gets stuck when he speaks and reads, so he does not recite the Qur'an well even when he memorizes it, so it is better to give up this idea. Nasir ibn Yusuf reluctantly agreed to this proposal. Although he struggled to memorize the Holy Qur'an, he memorized this holy book in three years. Later, Ahmed Donish wrote about this in his work "Risola dar nazmi tamaddun va taovun": "I was not very happy to memorize the Holy Qur'an: after 9 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference memorizing one part with difficulty, I would move on to the second part. I would write it down on a piece of paper and read it secretly from the teacher. Anyway, I couldn't get rid of the stubbornness in my heart and finally, with great difficulty, I learned the Holy Qur'an in three years. Of course, to memorize a holy book like the Holy Qur'an in three years, he memorized the Holy Qur'an at the age of 10. He wrote poems under the pseudonym "Donish" (which means "knowledge"). After Ahmad Donish learned his first education from his mother, Young Ahmad graduated from the old school in three years and received his teacher's blessing. In 1841, he entered the higher school, madrasa. In the madrasa, Ahmed Donish studied mathematics, astronomy, music, philosophy, and history along with Islamic sciences. During this period, madrasa education lasted 16-19 years. 8 years of that were spent learning Arabic grammar, and the remaining 11 years were taught natural sciences, rhetoric, and logic with the permission of Islam. While studying, he was engaged in drawing calligraphy, plates, tables and in a short period of time he became a good draftsman and a skilled draftsman. Ahmad Donish was not satisfied with formal classes in madrasahs, but studied astronomy, geometry and arithmetic on his own initiative, finding specialists. Then he studied at the Mir Arab Madrasah. Ahmad Donish's madrasa years were fruitful, the student with a thirst for knowledge independently studied mathematics, geometry, astronomy, music, philosophy and history in the madrasa along with religious and Islamic sciences. He was not satisfied with the education given to him by the madrasas, even though he lived in the city of Bukhara, he did not stay with his parents in his yard, he worked day and night on books in a room rented by his father. Regarding madrasa education, Ahmad Donish writes: "In Bukhara madrasas, the teaching of the necessary subjects for school students was at a poor level. The teaching methods were also outdated." Ahmad Donish was not satisfied with the knowledge he received at the madrasa, but engaged in mathematics, astronomy, literature, medicine, music, architecture, calligraphy, painting, history and philosophy. He especially read a lot of works of Eastern poets and thinkers. He became closely acquainted with the works of Ibn Sina, Umar Khayyam, Nawai, Fuzuli, and Bedil, and tried to use their ideas widely in his works. At the same time, he paid great attention to studying natural sciences, especially astronomy (his teacher, Mirza Abdulfattah Khan, wa