SCIENCE IN THE ERA OF MIRZO ULUGBEK: A HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS

Аннотация

This study explores the stages of scientific and educational development during the era of Mirzo Ulugbek through a comprehensive historical-philosophical analysis. In the early 15th century, a scientific renaissance emerged in the Eastern world, in which Mirzo Ulugbek’s personality and his approach to science played a decisive role. The article examines the educational system, scientific traditions, interrelations between disciplines, and their philosophical and social impact during this period by focusing on the activities of the Ulugbek Madrasah and Observatory in Samarkand. Drawing upon scholarly sources, historical chronicles, and contemporary philosophical methods of analysis, the research reveals the universal and contemporary significance of Mirzo Ulugbek’s intellectual legacy. Keywords: Maragha, observatory, Beruni, Qanun al-Mas‘udi, Nasir al-Din Tusi, Qazizoda Rumi, Mirzo Ulugbek, History of the Four Uluses, al-Kashi, Ali Qushji, scientific-spiritual legacy, Zij, science, madrasah, observatory, philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, history, Renaissance. 1. Introduction Science and enlightenment are decisive factors in the development of any society. In human history, certain individuals and periods have left especially profound marks in this regard. One such figure is the great astronomer and thinker, Mirzo Ulugbek, a leading representative of the Eastern Renaissance. His life and work hold a significant place not only in the exact sciences but also in the evolution of social thought. Under Ulugbek’s leadership, the scientific environment of Samarkand became one of the most advanced centers in the medieval Islamic world. The madrasah and observatory he established laid the foundation not only for practical sciences but also for a philosophical approach to knowledge. The development of science during this period had a profound impact not only in terms of technological achievements but also in shaping human perception of the universe, life, and existence itself. This article adopts a historical and philosophical perspective to analyze the scientific progress of the Ulugbek era. It also examines how his scientific legacy and educational activities 110 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference influenced not only his time but also the intellectual and spiritual development of later generations. The study aims to shed light not only on historical facts but also on the broader philosophical and social significance of science. 2. Methods In the philosophical analysis of historical processes during the Timurid era, the historical-analytical method was employed to examine the development of science and enlightenment in the 15th century-particularly focusing on the scientific environment and the formation of the educational system during the era of Mirzo Ulugbek. This method made it possible to reconstruct the realities of the period based on historical sources. At the same time, through a philosophical-interpretative (hermeneutic) approach, Ulugbek’s attitude toward science, his views on reason and knowledge, and the moral values embedded in his worldview were analyzed. This approach helped to uncover the meaning and philosophical essence of Mirzo Ulugbek’s intellectual activity. Based on a systematic approach, the interrelations between various branches of science (astronomy, mathematics, education, and philosophy) were studied, and the harmonious development of these fields within the Ulugbek school was demonstrated. Through the comparative method, the scientific development during Mirzo Ulugbek’s time was compared with other historical periods- particularly with the Renaissance movement in Europe-allowing for an analysis of the shared and divergent features of Eastern and Western scientific traditions. In addition, the source analysis method was used to study the works of Ulugbek and his scholarly circle, historical chronicles, manuscripts, and contemporary academic research, thereby revealing their scientific value and relevance for modern scholarship. The integration of these methodological approaches enabled a comprehensive examination of the scientific environment of Mirzo Ulugbek’s era and made it possible to fully uncover its historical and philosophical significance. 3. Results The scientific achievements attained in the fields of exact, natural, and human sciences during the Timurid era signified not only a regional advancement but also an intellectual and cultural rise throughout the entire Islamic world. This spiritual and educational progress was, above all, closely associated with the name of Mirzo Ulugbek. Through his extensive efforts to establish science and organize its systematic foundations in the region of Mawarannahr, Mirzo Ulugbek succeeded in attracting the attention of scholars from various parts of the Muslim world. Among such eminent thinkers, Qazizoda 111 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference Rumi held a