PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES FOR IDENTIFYING DYSLEXIA: ON THE EXAMPLE OF ASIA AND LATIN AMERICA

Аннотация

Attention is drawn to the significant differences in diagnostic criteria and procedures depending on the linguistic characteristics of the language, educational systems and cultural context. A comparative analysis of diagnostic methods used in Asia and Latin America is conducted, common aspects and significant differences are identified. The article emphasizes the need to take into account sociocultural factors and calls for international exchange of experience to improve the identification and support of individuals with dyslexia worldwide. Keywords: dyslexia, diagnosis, diagnostic tests, assessment methods, bilingualism and multilingualism. Dyslexia is a specific reading disorder characterized by difficulties in word recognition, decoding, and spelling, and is a significant problem in education worldwide. With increasing awareness of neurodiversity and the importance of inclusive education, understanding the specifics of dyslexia diagnosis in different cultural and linguistic contexts is becoming increasingly important. Differences in writing systems, teaching methods, and cultural perceptions of reading difficulties lead to different ways of identifying and interpreting dyslexia symptoms in different countries. Diagnosing dyslexia in Asian countries presents a unique challenge due to the fundamental differences in writing systems compared to alphabetic languages. Hieroglyphic writing (Chinese, Japanese kanji) and syllabic writing (Japanese kana, Korean hangul) require different cognitive processes in reading and writing, which, in turn, affects the manifestation and diagnosis of dyslexia. Japan: Dyslexia in the context of kanji and kana: Japanese writing combines hieroglyphs (kanji, borrowed from Chinese) and a two-syllabic alphabet (hiragana and katakana). Dyslexia in Japan can manifest itself differently in relation to these writing systems. Studies show that Japanese children with dyslexia may have difficulties in both recognizing and remembering kanji (related to visuospatial and morphological aspects) and in processing kana (related to phonetic aspects). Adaptation of Western diagnostic instruments: Some Western tests of phonological awareness have been adapted for Japanese, focusing on the syllable level. However, their validity and applicability to kanji reading remain a subject of research. https://scientific-jl.com 1 6 7 62-son_6-to’plam_May-2025 ISSN:3030- 3 6 1 3 T A D Q I Q O T L A R jahon ilmiy – metodik jurnali Development of specific diagnostic measures: Japanese researchers are developing their own instruments to assess reading and writing difficulties, taking into account the specific characteristics of kanji and kana. These tests may include tasks such as kanji recognition, reading of syllabic sequences, phonetic analysis of syllables, and assessment of morphological understanding of kanji (4, 56). Role of neurobiological research: In Japan, neurobiological research on dyslexia is actively conducted using neuroimaging techniques (e.g., MRI) to study the brain mechanisms underlying difficulties in reading and writing Japanese. These studies will help to better understand the neural correlates of dyslexia in the context of non- alphabetic writing. China: Hieroglyphic Writing and Dyslexia: Chinese uses a hieroglyphic script (hanzi), in which each character represents a morpheme (a meaningful part of a word) and often has a complex visual structure, and the relationship between a character and its pronunciation is not always clear. Dyslexia in Chinese-speaking children can manifest itself in difficulties with visual recognition and memory of characters, morphological comprehension (understanding the structure of characters and the relationships between them), and phonetic awareness at the syllable level (Chinese is a syllabic language). Research on Adapting Western Concepts: Researchers are trying to adapt Western concepts of dyslexia, such as phonological processing deficits, to the Chinese context. However, phonological awareness in Chinese manifests itself slightly differently than in alphabetic languages and is related to the understanding of syllables and tones. Development of specific tests: Specific diagnostic tests are being developed to assess difficulties in reading and writing hieroglyphs. These tests may include tasks such as character recognition, copying, writing under dictation, as well as assessing morphological comprehension and syllabic awareness. Focus on visual-spatial skills: Given the complex visual structure of hieroglyphs, research is also examining the role of visual-spatial skills in reading and writing in Chinese-speaking children and their relationship to dyslexia. South Korea: Dyslexia in the context of Hangul: The Korean language uses a syllabic alphabet, Hangul, which is considered one of the most phonetically transparent writing systems in the world. Each syllable in Hangul graphically represents a combination of consonants and vowels. Despite this transparen