ZAMONBOBO MANZILGOHINI DAVRLASHTIRISH MASALASI VA UNING O‘RGANILISHI

Аннотация

This article examines the role of the Zamanbaba culture in the socio-economic life of the Bukhara oasis during the Bronze Age, based on archaeological research conducted at the Zamonbaba site, which includes both a cemetery and a settlement. The study begins with an 1415 ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Volume 2 Issue 5 analysis of the geographical and ecological conditions of the Bukhara oasis during the Early Bronze Age and how these factors contributed to the emergence of the Zamonbaba culture. It also explores the role of this culture in the formation of early farming and herding economies in the lower reaches of the Zerafshan River. Using evidence from population movements, advances in metallurgy, and archaeological finds, the article discusses the socio-economic interactions between the population of the oasis and other regions of Central Asia. The influence of the Kaltaminor and Andronovo-Tozabagyab cultures on the formation of the Zamanbaba culture is also emphasized. Finally, the article sheds light on the development of material culture in the lower Zerafshan basin through analysis of tools, ornaments, utensils, and other objects found at the Zamanbaba site. Keywords: Zamonbaba, Bronze Age, chronology, Zerafshan River, cemetery, material culture. Kirish. Miloddan avvalgi VI ming yillikda Markaziy Osiyoning janubida qadimgi dehqonchilik bilan shug‘ullangan qabilalarning shakllanish jarayoni boshlanadi. Miloddan avvalgi VI–IV ming yilliklar davomida ularning yashash hududi Turkmanistonning janubi- g‘arbidagi Sumbar vodiysidan to Tojikistonning shimoli-g‘arbiy qismidagi Zarafshon daryosining o‘rta oqimigacha bo‘lgan hududni qamrab olgan [Isakov, 1991; Masson, 1971, 1981; Sarianidi, 1990; Xlopin, 1997]. Miloddan avvalgi III ming yillikka kelib, dehqonchilik oazislarining madaniy ta’siri Markaziy Osiyoning shimoliyroq hududlariga – ya’ni, shartli ravishda “dasht bronzasi” qabilalari istiqomat qilgan mintaqalarga ham yoyildi. Natija va muhokama. Markaziy Osiyoning shimoli va janubi o‘rtasidagi madaniy aloqalarning eng qadimgi dalillari Zamonbobo madaniyatiga oid yodgorliklar (ikki manzilgoh va qabriston)da olib borilgan qazilmalar vaqtida aniqlangan bo‘lib, bu madaniyat areali O‘zbekistonning janubi-sharqida, Zarafshon daryosining quyi oqimini qamrab olgan [G‘ulomov, Islomov, Asqarov, 1966. B. 118–170]. Gap g‘ildirakda yasalgan va tashqaridan keltirilgan ikki sopol idish bo‘laklari; xochsimon shakldagi tosh boncuklar; misdan yasalgan oynalar; uchida qoshiqchasimon va tomchisimon qalinlashuvga ega metall tayoqchalar; tosh va terrakotadan yasalgan «muqaddas bosh kiyimlar», shuningdek, terrakotadan tayyorlangan haykalchalar haqida bormoqda. Qator tadqiqotchilarning fikriga ko‘ra, yuqorida tilga olingan artefaktlar Janubiy Turkmanistonning bronza davriga oid dehqonchilik manzilgohlarida (Namazgoh IV davri oxiri — Namazgoh V davri boshlari) hamda Eronning shimoli-sharqiy qismidagi yodgorliklarda topilgan buyumlar bilan o‘xshashlikka ega Ushbu nuqtai nazarni qo‘llab-quvvatlovchilar Zamonbobo qabristonining 27-raqamli qabridagi g‘ildirakda yasalgan va bo‘yalgan sopol idishning pastki qismi ham import mahsuloti bo‘lib, u Zarafshon daryosining quyi oqimiga Anov madaniy arealidan keltirilganligini ta’kidlashadi. Bu idish Namazgoh IV davri oxirida tayyorlangan. Mazkur fikrni birinchi bo‘lib V.M.Masson ilgari surgan va u hozirgacha inkor etilmagan. Umuman olganda, nomi zikr etilgan arxeologlar Janubiy Turkmaniston va Shimoliy Eron bronza davri madaniyatlarining mutlaq xronologiyasiga asoslanib, Zamonbobo madaniyatini miloddan avvalgi III ming yillik oxiri — II ming yillik boshlariga tegishli deb sanaydilar. Biroq bu yodgorlikka nisbatan yanada kengroq sana doirasi ham taklif etilgan: miloddan avvalgi III ming yillik oxiri — II ming yillikning birinchi yarmi [Mandelshtam, 1972. B. 8]. Zamonbobo madaniyatining xronologiyasiga oid yana bir qarash ham mavjud. 1416 ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Volume 2 Issue 5 Zamonbobo qabristonida qazishmalar olib borgan mualliflar yodgorlikdan topilgan keramika kollektsiyasida faqat Namazgoh IV va Namazgoh V davrlariga oid idishlar emas, balki erta Namazgoh VI davriga mansub sopol buyumlar ham mavjud deb hisoblashgan. Shu asosda, ular o‘sha vaqtda allaqachon eskirgan Anav madaniyati taraqqiyotining xronologik sxemasiga tayanib [Masson, 1956. B. 326], Zamonbobo qabristonini miloddan avvalgi II ming yillikning birinchi yarmi bilan uyg‘unlashtirishgan [G‘ulomov, Islomov, Asqarov, 1966. B. 163–166]. Mazkur qarashni batafsilroq yoritgan A.A. Asqarov yodgorlikdagi ayrim keramika shakllarining Sapolli madaniyatining kech bosqichlariga oid idishlarga o‘xshashligini qayd etib, Zamonbobo qabristonini miloddan avvalgi II ming yillikning ikkinchi choragiga taalluqli deb sanashni taklif qilgan [Asqarov, 1981]. V.I. Sarianidi esa yanada keskinroq pozitsiyani egallagan. Uning fikricha, qabrlardan topilgan ba’zi artefaktlar — masalan, xochsimon tosh boncuklar, qoshiqchali uchli k