PHONETIC FACTORS IN BORROWING WORDS.

Аннотация

This article demonstrates how the interaction between world nations has had an impact on various fields, including the field of language. It highlights the significant aspects of how words enter society based on extralinguistic factors and how these words are adapted to the linguistic factors of the language, specifically phonetic aspects. In this process, both the similarities and differences are also discussed. Clear and precise examples have been provided forall thepresented ideas. Key words:phonetics, Uzbek, English, borrowed words, linguistics. The entire existence has been created in such a way that only humans have been gifted the great blessing of communication through words, creating mutual words and expressions over a certain society, and communicating through them. A language, which emerges over centuries, has been shaped through the test of time, much like steel that has been polished in fire, and embodies the ancient cultural and educational richness, social and spiritual being, customs, and literary heritage of one or more nations. At the same time, it has its own distinctive phonetic, lexical, phraseological, and grammatical features, with expressions used in daily life effortlessly by speakers, their development history, and the influence of other languages, giving it a unique character. No language in the world, whether Eastern or Western, can develop without the influence of another language. For this reason, the vocabulary of a language is an open and dynamic system, subject to colorful changes. Over time, new words and expressions emerge in all languages based on daily needs, some outdated words fall out of use, or their original meanings are lost, leading to a phenomenon of meaning transfer. Our independence, membership in international organizations, and the phenomenon of globalization have accelerated the occurrence of this phenomenon. In this process, words and terms have started to enter a language from another dominantlanguage based onextralinguisticfactors. Linguistic factors play an important role in the process of word borrowing which borrowed through extralingustic factors. The most important components include phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and semantic factors. In word borrowing, the phonetic factor is decisive in the localization of new words entering the language in terms of pronunciation, structure, and orthography. Since each language has its own phonetic system, words borrowed from other languages are adapted to this system. This phenomenon is clearly evident in simplifications, sound substitutions, stress placement, syllabic structures, and changes in writing. Z.M. Jumayeva states inher research: "Phonetic adaptation of aword is often related tochanges that bring ease to pronunciation, which http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass 20 Volume15 Issue05, May2025 Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023: 6.995, 2024 7.75 arisefrom thenatural internal development needs of thelanguage"1. Linguist A.H. Mo‘minov, in his work, divides words adapted based on phonetic changes into two groups: completely adapted (e.g., factory, newspaper, model) and partially adapted (e.g., manager, printer, blogger)2. This approach allows us to evaluate phonetic adaptation not only as aphonological process but also as a sociolinguisticone. When a foreign sound does not exist in Uzbek, it is replaced with the closest phoneme. For example: Original word (source Uzbek Phoneticchange language) form television(English) televizor /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/ →/te.le.vi.zor/—"ʒ" soundreplaced by"z" /ˈtʃɒklət/ → /sho.ko.lad/ — "tʃ" sound replaced by "sh", chocolate (English) shokolad "ə" replaced by"a" /ˈrestərɒnt/ → /res.to.ran/ — "ə" sound dropped or restaurant (French) restoran replaced by"o" taxi(French viaEnglish) taksi /ˈtæksi/→/tak.si/—"æ" sound replaced by"a" /dʒiːnz/ → /jin.ssi/ — "ʤ" sound replaced by "j", plural "- jeans (English) jinssishim s" rendered as Uzbekform office (English) ofis /ˈɒfɪs/ →/o.fis/ —"ɒ" soundreplaced by"o" /bæŋk/ → /bank/ — "æ" replaced by "a", "ŋ" replaced by bank(English) bank "n+k" Such sound adaptation primarily ensures pronunciation ease and aligns with thephonetic rules of thelanguage3. In Uzbek, syllables typically center around vowel sounds. Additionally, stress usually falls on eitherthelast orthefirst syllable. Therefore:  strategy →strategiya —anextrasyllable (-iya) is added.  machine→mashina—stress shifts tothe firstsyllable. 1JumayevaZ.M.“Fonetikmoslashuv–tilo‘zlashuvimexanizmlaridanbirisifatida”.–“O‘zbektilivaadabiyoti” jurnali,2019,№2. 2Mo‘minovA.H.“Globaltilo‘zgarishlarivao‘zbektilileksikasiningyangilanishi”.–Toshkent:Ilmziyo,2020.–B. 78. 3QodirovM.“Leksikologiyagakirish”.–Toshkent:O‘zbekistonnashriyoti,2018.–B.102. http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass 21 Volume15 Issue05, May2025 Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023: 6.995, 2024 7.75  computer→kompyuter —stress changes.