SOCIODYNAMICS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN CULTURE

Аннотация

The current era of globalization and integration processes demonstrates that human culture has risen to a new qualitative level. Every nation and ethnic group possess its own ethnocultural genesis. In the course of this development process, each creates its own distinctive culture. Thus, culture cannot exist without a subject — meaning without a nation or an ethnic group. Reforms must be built upon national moral traditions; otherwise, they would threaten the existenceof thenation itselfand lead to itsdisappearance from thestageof history. Keywords: nation, ethnic group, ethnocultural, genesis, sociodynamics, mentality, culture, globalization,integration, ethnos, ethnopsychology. Introduction. The social identity and mentality of any nation are manifested through its culture. Moreover, if we consider each nation, ethnic group, people, and other social units as results of the historical evolution of human civilizations, we can observe that the notions of national identity and universal human values are, to some extent, relative. Particularly in today's era of globalization, integration, and universalization processes, it is evident that human spiritual culture has attained a new qualitative level. This process of social development also demands the reassessment of the relationship between individuality (national identity) and sociality (universal human values) based onnew criteria. Mainpart. Every nation and ethnic group possess its own ethnocultural genesis. During this process of development, each creates a unique culture. Therefore, culture cannot exist without a subject — that is, without a nation or ethnic group. Based on this concept, culture can be divided into national culture and universal human culture. However, in defining the structural components and social functions of spiritual culture, several gnoseological and methodological problems arise. For example, some scholars (such as M.S. Kagan in the West) view artistic culture, others (such as A. Toynbee, K. Jaspers, and others) consider religion, while some researchers (such as S. Shermukhamedov, Kh.O. Shaikhova, and others) regard creative activity and morality as the main forms of spiritual culture. This shows that artistic culture, religion, and creative activity should be seen as forms of general culture alongside spiritual culture. In our view, they are http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass 537 Volume15Issue04, April2025 Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023: 6.995, 2024 7.75 integral parts connected tothe essence ofspiritual culture. Aformis theexternally organized appearance of an object characterized bystableconnections. It is systematic by nature. National culture and universal human culture represent such stable and organized forms within spiritual culture. By its essence, culture is primarily national because it is difficult to imagine culture without national characteristics (such as national language, national perception, national mentality, and psychology). Forinstance:  Although Salvador Dalí, the founder of surrealism (an artistic and literary movement rejecting the role of reason and experience), often explored universal themes in his works, his perception of the world and his emotionally charged approach to subjects were deeply rooted in theSpanishspirit. Dalí himselfacknowledged this.  Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), even while discussing universal human themes, reflected theidealism characteristicofGerman philosophy.  In the aphorisms of François de La Rochefoucauld (1613–1680) and Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592), one can feel the free, artistic, and philosophical perception typical of theFrenchworldview.  In Pyotr Tchaikovsky’s (1840–1893) music, the Russian people’s breadth of soul, grandeur, andasense ofdignity are palpable. Thus, the democratization of civil society impacts culture as a whole, and spirituality is manifested as a reflection of social reality. Within national spiritual culture, the concept of ethnos holdsa special place. Ethnos (from Greek — tribe, people) is a stable community of people historically formed under specific natural and ecological conditions. Ethnos, including dialectal varieties, possesses stable features such as appearance, culture, spiritual distinctiveness, and mentality. An ethnos is characterized by the awareness of the unity ofitsorigin, its shared historical destiny, and itsdistinction from otherethnic groups. The formation of an ethnos is based on factors such as unity of language, spiritual (including religious)values, territory (even iflater lost),and ashared modeof economiclife. None of the cultural components (such as language, customs, folk art, religion, traditions, lifestyle, norms ofbehavior, etc.) are considered obligatory ethnicdifferentiators bythemselves. Thehistorical forms ofethnos are: tribe,ethnicgroup,and nation. An ethnos consists ofethnocultural communities (subethnos), such as clans, tribes, classes, etc. An ethn