PROVIDING FIRST AID IN INJURIES AND FRACTURES

Аннотация

В данной статье представлена информация о нескольких видах первой помощи при травмах и переломах, причем эти случаи полностью обогащены. При ранениях головы, груди, шеи, волосистой части головы накладывают специальные повязки, при ранении оказывают ряд мер первой помощи, в результате этой помощи состояние больного улучшается. Ключевые слова: Перелом, определение переломного состояния, повязка, первая помощь, нагрудная повязка, легкий и теплый головной убор. Annotation: This article provides information about different types of first aid for injuries and fractures, with these situations being thoroughly explained. It covers the application of special bandages when the head, chest, limbs, or scalp are injured, as well as performing several first aid procedures to improve the patient's condition. Additionally, the article discusses how these first aid measures can enhance the patient's condition. Keywords: Fracture, fracture diagnosis, bandage, first aid, applying bandages to the chest area, light and warm headgear. 469 https://biti.uz/konferensiya/konferensiya2025/index.html 21 апреля 2025 г. Wound refers to the mechanical damage or disruption of the skin or mucous membranes caused by external forces. In such cases, internal tissues may also be damaged or ruptured. If the object causing the injury enters the body, a wound channel is formed between the tissues. Depending on the nature of the wound, the following types can be distinguished: a) Superficial wounds – characterized by damage to the skin and mucous membranes; b) Deep wounds – which may involve damage to arteries, nerves, bones, joints, and internal organs. In addition to surgical wounds caused by sterile instruments, all other wounds are considered infected. The types of wounds are as follows: Puncture wounds – occur when a sharp object (such as a knife, needle, nail, or awl) pierces the skin. These wounds typically have a small external opening but may be deep. The wound channel is often irregular due to tissue disruption. Such puncture wounds can be dangerous because the depth of the wound and whether internal organs are affected can be difficult to determine. Incised wounds – occur when a sharp object (such as a knife, scalpel, or razor blade) cuts through the skin. These wounds usually have uneven edges and are open, bleeding, but generally heal well. Shredded wounds – a type of incised wound, where the skin and underlying tissues are displaced. These wounds occur along a movement line, often caused by cutting or tearing forces. Such wounds tend to be deep and difficult to heal. Contused wounds – caused by a heavy, blunt object (such as a stone, hammer, or other objects) impacting the skin and underlying tissues. These wounds may resemble incised wounds externally, but they affect a larger area and often damage deeper structures like muscles, joints, or bones. The edges of the wound are often bruised. 470 https://biti.uz/konferensiya/konferensiya2025/index.html 21 апреля 2025 г. Crushed wounds – occur when tissues are crushed by blunt objects (such as a rock or hammer). These wounds often result in extensive damage to tissues and are prone to infection due to the disruption of tissue integrity. Gunshot wounds – caused by projectiles fired from firearms. The nature of the wound depends on the type of projectile (bullet, shrapnel, etc.) and its velocity. These wounds may cause severe internal organ damage, with both entry and exit holes formed. The entry hole is typically smaller than the exit hole. Bite wounds occur as a result of an animal or human bite. The skin and underlying soft tissues are significantly damaged. These wounds are always infected and heal with delayed complications. Bite wounds should never be stitched. First aid for bite wounds includes washing the wound with 20% soapy water and, after drying, applying an aseptic bandage. Clinical Features of Bite Wounds The clinical features of a bite wound include pain, open edges, bleeding, and functional disturbances in the affected area. The severity of the wound can be categorized as: a) Mild b) Moderate c) Severe External wounds are characterized by their depth, the type of internal organ damage, and the complications that arise (such as bleeding, dysfunction of the affected organ, peritonitis, pneumothorax, etc.). In any bite wound, there are several potential risks, including the risk of infections that can be transmitted through the wound. The infections may lead to a systemic response, including shock and terminal conditions. These events are not only caused by pain but also by the bleeding from the wound. Bleeding is the greatest risk associated with wounds. In addition, the risk of infection entering the body through the wound is not negligible. Both of these risks require prompt first aid to stop the bleeding and prevent infection. 471 https://biti.uz/konferensiya/konferensiya2025/index.html 21 апреля 2025 г. Complications and Risks of Bite Wounds Bite wounds may lead to infect