THE GAMES AND THEIR USAGE IN THE ENGLISH CLASSROOMS AT SCHOOL

Аннотация

Intonation plays a vital role in the spoken and conversational English. It gives an eminent space to the contemporary English. It has been observed that when the vocal cords are kept loosely together, they vibrate and that the vibration of the vocal cords produces a musical note called voice. During normal speech, in the case of an adult male, the vocal cords vibrate between 80 to 120 times a second and between 150 to 200 times a second in the case of an adult female. The rate at which the vocal cords vibrate is called the frequency of vibration and this determines the pitch of the voice. The more rapidly the vocal cords vibrate, the higher will be the pitch and vice versa. The patterns of variation of the pitch of the voice constitute the intonation of a language. The pitch at which stressed syllables are uttered in natural speech can be high, low or it can change from high to low or low to high. Any change in the pitch. of accented syllables in spoken sentences is known as intonation or tone. Intonation indicates the sentence type (e.g., statement or question) as well as the attitude of the speaker. Keywords: Tone, Attitude, Nucleus, Tone Group, Tonic Syllable There is no language in the world is spoken on a monotone (i.e., on the same musical note) all the time. It is very rarely that we speak with an unvarying pitch. In normal speech, the pitch of our voice goes on changing constantly; now going up, now going down, and https://scientific-jl.com 1 7 8 61-son_2-to’plam_May-2025 ISSN:3030- 3 6 1 3 T A D Q I Q O T L A R jahon ilmiy – metodik jurnali sometimes remaining level or steady. Different pitches of the voice combine to form patterns of speech variation or tones which together constitute the intonation of a language. The intonation of a language, thus, refers to the patterns of pitch variation or the tones, it uses in its utterances. When we speak to each other, our voices tend to 'rise' or 'fall in pitch over a part of an utterance. This rise or fall in pitch is known as intonation. Falling intonation is shown by a sloping arrow which comes down from left to right, while rising intonation is shown by an arrow which rises from left to right. The arrow is just placed before the last stressed syllable (nucleus). Intonation plays an important in communication. Intonation is used mainly to indicate the speaker's attitude towards the listener or towards the topic on which he/she is speaking. In linguistics, intonation is variation of spoken pitch that is not used to distinguish words; instead, it is used for a range of functions such as indicating the attitudes and emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference between statements and questions, and between different types of questions, focusing attention on important elements of the spoken message and also helping to regulate conversational interaction. It contrastswith tone, in which pitch variation in some languages distinguishes words, either lexically or grammatically (The term tone is used by some British writers in their descriptions of intonation but to refer to the pitch movement found on the nucleus or tonic syllable in an intonation unit). Although intonation is primarily a matter of pitch variation, it is important to be aware that functions attributed to intonation such as the expression of attitudes. and emotions, or highlighting aspects of grammatical structure, almost always involve concomitant variation in other prosodic features. David Crystal says that "intonation is not a single system of contours and levels, but the product of the interaction of features from different prosodic systemstone, pitch-range, loudness, rhythmicality and tempo in particular." J. C. Wells describes 'intonation is the melody of speech'. In studying intonation, we study how the pitch of the voice rises and falls, and how speakers use this pitch variation to convey linguistic and pragmatic meaning. Further, it also involves the study of how the interplay of accented, stressed and unstressed syllables functions as a framework onto which the intonation patterns are attached. Intonation is about how we say things, rather than what we say, the way the voice rises and falls when speaking, in other words the music of the language. Just as words have stressed syllables, sentences have regular patterns of stressed words. In addition, the voice tends to rise, fall or remain flat depending on the meaning or feeling we want to convey (surprise, anger, interest, boredom, gratitude, etc.). Intonation therefore indicates the mood of the speaker. There are two basic patterns of intonation in English: falling intonation and rising intonation. The main intonation pattern in English is: the falling tone, the rising tone, the falling-rising tone and rise-fall tone. Rising Intonation means the pitch of the voice https://scientific-jl.com 1 7 9 61-son_2-to’plam_May-2025 ISSN:3030- 3 6 1 3 T A D Q I Q O T L A R jahon ilmiy – metodik jurnali rises over time [7]; Falling Intonation