THE HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITIES IN EUROPE AND MIDDLE EAST.

Аннотация

This article provides brief information about the Oxford university and Ulugbek Madrasahs, which were among the first universities and madrasahs in Europe and Central Asia. Also, the article provides data on active construction of educational institutions, on the subjects that were taught at these universities, on multidisciplinary, higher educational and scientific institution in the Middle Ages. Clear data are provided comparing European universities and Central Asian madrasah. Keywords: University, madrasah, Oxford, Central Asia, Europe, Ulugbek Madrasa, Astronomy, geometry, mathematics, Samarkand, research, University (Latin universitas - assembly, complex) - a multidisciplinary, higher educational and scientific institution aimed at training highly qualified specialists in natural, social and humanitarian directions. It provides its graduates with in-depth theoretical preparation for future scientific, practical and pedagogical activities. It makes a significant contribution to the integration of educational and scientific research work. It was the main distinctive feature of education. It corresponded to the highest (Madrasa or madrasa aliya (see: Madrasah) in the Muslim East. In the Middle East it was called dorilfunun.1 The first university in Europe was usually considered to be the University of Bologna (Italy). This university was founded in 1088 and was known as one of the oldest higher education institutions in Europe. The University of Bologna played a major role in science, law and other fields and made a significant contribution to the development of scientific activity at that time. One of the most famous and early universities in Europe was the University of Oxford. The University of Oxford (English: University of Oxford; informally Oxford University or Oxford) was a large and ancient university located in England. It was the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the second oldest continuously existing university in the world. It was founded in 1096 in Oxford. John Wycliffe, Thomas More, John Locke, and Robert Boyle taught at various times at the university. 1 Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi (2000-2005). P.(56 -58). https://scientific-jl.com/ 3 0 43-son_3-to’plam_Aprel -2025 ISSN: 3030-3621 Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi It trained specialists in theology, law, medicine, classical literature, modern and contemporary history, English language and literature, medieval and modern European languages and literature, oriental studies, physics, mathematics, biology, agricultural sciences, psychology, anthropology, geography, art history, and music. It had a number of specialized institutes and laboratories, and museums. The main library was founded in 1602. The year of the university's foundation is not known. In 1167, Henry II forbade foreign students from studying at the University of Paris. As a result, many English students were forced to leave France and study at Oxford University. The head of the university was the chancellor. Many officials contributed to the development of the university. The first of them was William Durham, who founded University College in 1249. He founded Balliol College in honor of the father of the future king of Scotland, John I de Balliol. The English Lord Chancellor, Walter de Merton, developed regulations for colleges. This college served as a model for Cambridge College and other colleges in Oxford. At the same time, several universities were founded in Central Asia, which were called madrasas. The University of Oxford in history also had its own motto, which distinguished it from other universities in history. The unique motto of this university is: Dominus illuminatio mea (The Lord is light). Madrasah was an institution of higher learning. An educational building where, in addition to religious sciences, mathematics, rhetoric and logic, linguistics, law, philosophy, calligraphy, music, medicine, geography, astronomy and other sciences were taught. From the Arabic language, madrasah a place where lessons were held. This term refers to educational buildings specially built for teaching. The first madrasah in Central Asia was the Ulugbek Madrasah in Samarkand. This madrasah was built in the 1420s by Mirzo Ulugbek. Ulugbek Madrasah served as an important center in the field of science, astronomy, mathematics and other sciences in its time. Scientific work was carried out in the madrasah, famous scientists studied, and many of those who studied here made a great contribution to the development of Central Asian science. Also, such qualified specialists worked and created in the Ulugbek madrasah.The Ulugbek Madrasah also played a significant role in the development of religious and scientific education in Central Asia. The Ulugbek Madrasah was an architectural monument in Samarkand. It was located to the west of the Registan ensemble. It was the first architectural monument built on Registan Square. It was considered a unique academy of the 1