RELIGION AND POLITICS DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.

Аннотация

В средние века крестовые походы представляли собой серию попыток европейских христиан вернуть Святую Землю, а также Иерусалим, от мусульман. Эти действия главным образом расширяют культурные, экономические, социальные и религиозные связи между Европой и исламским миром. Тем не менее крестовые походы захватывают Иерусалим и основывают Дом Божий. К сожалению, планы по спасению этих территорий закончились провалом. Также под руководством Ричарда I проводились различные кампании, но вернуть Иерусалим в прежнее состояние не удалось. И крестоносцы захватывают Константинополь. В результате это начинает вредить христианским странам Востока. Также Крестовые походы представляли собой не только религиозные вопросы, но и напряжение политических сил, вызывающее развитие феодального строя в Европе и расширение торговых отношений. Они приводят к долгосрочным социальным и экономическим изменениям, расширяют диалог между исламским миром и Европой и считаются важными в формировании современной истории. Ключевые слова: Иерусалим, Ричард I, монастырь, Папа Римский, турки-сельджуки, Алексей Камнин, Мансикерт, Священный город, геноцид, тевтонцы, Готард Булонский, город Акра, Тириполи, Антиохия. We know that there have been thousands of bloody wars in human history. Including such military conflicts in history that these battles lasted for several centuries and left an indelible mark on the history of mankind. Starting from the end of the 11th century, European barons and knights, in pursuit of wealth, carried out various military campaigns in the Muslim lands of the Middle East. These military campaigns were also called “Crusades” and “the struggle against the idol - the crescent”. The Crusades are the powerful and, of course, large military campaigns of European feudal lords for https://scientific-jl.com/ 5 6 42-son_2-to’plam_Aprel -2025 ISSN: 3030-3621 Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi several years, more precisely from the end of the 11th century to the end of the 13th century, to the Middle East, as well as Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the Balkan Peninsula and other regions1. This military campaign is actually also called an armed expedition in a religious spirit. Because the Catholic Church declared this campaign “the struggle of Christianity against the idol - the crescent, mainly against Islam”. One of the main reasons for this military campaign was to free the city of Palestine from the "infidels" and return the Christian faith, as well as the "tomb of Jesus Christ" in Jerusalem to the Christians. In fact, this invasion was considered a military campaign, in which Europeans, mainly barons, knights, peasants, and even rulers, laid the foundation for this campaign. One of the main reasons for the Crusades goes back to the great changes that took place in the Middle East and Europe in the second half of the 11th century. Various major factors were responsible for the Crusades. In Europe, in the 11th century, the rise of cities was accompanied by the development of internal and external trade. The spread of the system of majoritarianism in Europe (the custom of leaving property to the eldest son to prevent division of land) caused many knights to become unemployed. In addition, the unemployed knights got involved in various conflicts, sometimes resorting to violence, despite the fact that it was daytime, robbing merchants, and even attacking monasteries. And of course, in such conditions it was important to divert the attention of the knights to something else. The Crusades benefited all European cities, especially from trade with Byzantium and the countries of the East. In turn, the Western markets were in great demand for silk fabrics, expensive weapons, natural, shiny and unique glass products, and, of course, spices. Also, a single successful caravan of merchants from the East brought great wealth. At this time, various legends about the countries of the East beyond the sea were popular in many places. The idea that “the East is heaven on earth” also attracted European rulers2 Also, in 1054, the Christian Church split into two, namely the Eastern (Orthodox) and the Western (Catholic). In the 11th century, the Popes of Rome were demanding the supreme arbitration among the rulers of Europe. In particular, the weakening of the Byzantine Empire in the middle of the 11th century increasingly increased the Pope's interest in restoring his rule over the Eastern Christian Church. In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks launched an invasion of the territories of the Byzantine Empire (now Turkey) in the Middle East and occupied some territories. As a result, this situation began to frighten the Byzantine emperors. Shortly after this, the Seljuk Turks captured the city of Nika, adjacent to Constantinople, and made it their capital. And in 1071, the Turks defeated the Byzantines near the city of Mansikert. In addition, the Byzantine emperor Alexios Kamenin repeatedly sent letters to the Pope and the German emperor asking for help in