THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS

Аннотация

This article provides general information about theoretical and practical issues of linguistics, detailed information about language teaching methodology and practical teaching methods. Key words: practical issues of linguistics, theoretical issues, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics. Linguistics is a science dealing with the study of language, which has theoretical and practical directions. Language, as an integral part of human thought, culture, and social life, is constantly developing. Therefore, linguistics is studied according to both theoretical foundations and practical needs. This article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of linguistics, their interrelationships, and pressing problems in modern linguistics. In linguistics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics are the main branches that serve for the in-depth study of the language system. Below is a detailed explanation of each of them. 1.Phonology. Phonology is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound system in a language and their semantic differentiation. A phoneme is the smallest sound unit that distinguishes the meaning of words. Allophon - different pronunciation variants of one phoneme. Minimal pair - words distinguished by only one phoneme (for example: willow - floor). Sound changes - assimilation, dissimilation, elision, and other sound change processes. The importance of phonology: • Helps in learning to pronounce words correctly. • Serves to determine the phonetic norms specific to the language. Выпуск журнала №-21 Часть–1_Март –2025 75 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT • Necessary for voice automation (e.g., voice assistants and automatic translation systems). 1. Morphology. Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words, the rules of their formation, and grammatical categories. Morphemes are divided as follows: 2. • Lexical morpheme - carries the main semantic load of the word (book, green). 3. • Grammatical morpheme - expresses grammatical meaning (-lar, -ni, -chi). 4. • Word formation - the formation of a new word through such methods as affixation, composition, reduplication. 5. • Parts of speech - nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, etc. 6. The importance of morphology: 7. • Helps to understand the structure of words and changes in meaning. 8. • It plays an important role in language teaching and learning grammar rules. 9. • Applied in computational linguistics and automatic translation. 2. Syntax. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are placed in a sentence and their interrelationships. A sentence is a grammatically and semantically connected unit of words. 10. Parts of the sentence - subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial modifier. Word order - words in each language have their own order (for example, subject + object + predicate in Uzbek). 11. The importance of syntax: • Helps in the correct construction of sentences and the formation of speech culture. • Plays an important role in the fields of machine translation and artificial intelligence. 4. Semantics. Semantics is the branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of words and sentences, how they are formed and used. Lexical semantics - studies the lexical meanings of words. Types of meaning: Выпуск журнала №-21 Часть–1_Март –2025 76 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT • Denotative meaning - the main, direct meaning of a word (book - printed thing). • Connotative meaning - additional emotional or cultural meaning associated with the word (book - a symbol of knowledge). • Figurative meaning - processes of transfer of meaning, such as metaphor, metonymy (fiery speech - very touching speech). • Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms - interrelationships of words. The importance of semantics: • Helps to understand the richness of language in terms of meaning. • Affects the expressiveness and stylistic aspects of speech. • Plays an important role in artificial intelligence and automatic translation systems. 5. Pragmatics.Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that studies the role of language units in the process of meaning formation and the speech situations in which they are used. Context is the state in which a word or sentence is used. Speech Act Theory - According to John Austin's theory, speech acts are divided into: • Locative act - uttering a simple sentence (I closed the door). • Illokutive act - the intention of the spoken word (Close the door! - as an order). • Perlocutionary act - influencing the listener (Close the door! - the listener closes the door). • Implicature (Implicit meaning) - the indirect, not direct, meaning of a sentence ("The weather is very hot" - this may be the belief that the window is open). The importance of pragmatics: Practical problems of linguistics Applied linguistics is related to the adaptation of theoretical knowledge to life needs and their application in real situations. Its main directions are: 1. Language teaching and teaching methodo