THE CONCEPT OF DIASPORA AND ITS IMPACT ON LITERATURE

Аннотация

В статье рассматриваются различные трактовки понятия диаспоры. Хотя многие ученые уже давно изучают концепцию диаспоры, «полной информации по этой теме до сих пор нет». В статье дается краткий обзор имен некоторых писателей, работавших в диаспорной литературе, и их произведений. Ключевые слова: классическая диаспора, новая диаспора, концепция диаспоры, этническая община, миграция, афганоамериканская диаспора. Introduction. The concept of “diaspora” has existed since ancient times. It is a Greek word meaning “dispersion”, “escape”, “scattering” and diaspora literature Выпуск журнала №-20 Часть–3_ Февраль –2025 144 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT studies the works of writers who moved from their country of birth and upbringing to another country and created in that region. The term diaspora mainly refers to immigrants, emigrants, workers, and refugees who were forced to leave their country of birth and upbringing due to war, oppression, hunger, and poverty. Historically, the term “diaspora” was used in connection with the expulsion and settlement of the Jewish people. The Hebrew term “galut” is synonymous with the modern term “diaspora” and literally means “exile” [7]. Analysis of literature on the topic As a result of large-scale migration, a huge number of people moved to other countries and continents. Finding themselves outside their homeland, in a new, unfamiliar environment, they sought to join existing immigrant communities or create new ones. The process of diasporization was so rapid that it affected almost all spheres of the country's life. A great contribution to the theoretical understanding of the diaspora phenomenon was made by prominent Western researchers: J. Armstrong, R. Brubaker, M. Dabag, R. Cohen, U. Safran, G. Sheffer and others. The development of the concept of diaspora within the framework of classical (historical) concepts was based on the use of the model of the Jewish diaspora, which served as a basis for comparative studies. In the 60s-90s of the 20th century, the majority of studies were devoted to the Jewish, Armenian and Greek diasporas. A number of researchers have identified many similarities, and in addition to the Jewish and Armenian diasporas, several ethnic groups are also mentioned as being included in the “classical diaspora”. For example, G. Scheffer and H. Tololian believe that Greek settlement can be included in such diasporas; U. Safran speaks of the Roma, Palestinian and Cuban diasporas; M. Dabag and K. Platt also pay attention to the settlement of the Chinese diaspora, and finally, E. Skinner compares the Jewish, African, Indian, Chinese and Irish diasporas. The dictionary “Race, Ethnicity and Culture” mainly indicates the reasons for the emergence of diasporas as follows: “Diasporas can arise as a result of invasion, colonization, slavery, expulsion, discrimination and persecution, political conflicts or wars, as well as economically determined migrations [7]. One of the most influential researchers of this issue, V. Safran, defined the following criteria for the concept of diaspora: Выпуск журнала №-20 Часть–3_ Февраль –2025 145 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT 1) Dispersion from the original historical center to different regions; 2) Feeling oneself as a stranger in the host society; 3) The desire to return to one's homeland; 4) Maintaining ties with the country of origin, providing assistance [3]. Researchers note that each diaspora has its own identity, a variety of combinations of classical and a number of specific and even individual features. It is clear that modern migration processes, the formation and unification of new dispersed ethnic communities do not always correspond to an ideal type with a new quality, which leads to a conditional division into "classical" (or historical) and "new diasporas". Professor G. Scheffer of the University of Jerusalem studied diasporas as various connections and connections established by social groups, political structures and economic institutions - as networks of cross-border communication. R. Hettlage, U. Hannertz, T. Faist, R. Cohen, R. Cohen, J. Nye note that one of the most important functional features of ethnic diasporas is the desire to form and strengthen transnational communication networks. These networks are not limited to domestic or foreign policy, it should be noted that the cross-border networks created by diasporas also serve to satisfy their cultural, linguistic and educational needs [2]. In Western literature, the concept of “diaspora” is generally interpreted as “a population living outside the homeland”. According to V. I. Dyatlov, “diasporas are a specific part, a continuation of the ethnic homeland, embodying all its main features”. The concept of “diaspora” is currently a controversial topic, but this does not prevent it from being actively used in relation to any ethnic groups, including those designated as “foreigners”. It is clear that not every ethnic group can fulfill the function of a di