MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF THE DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION OF CERVICAL CANCER

Аннотация

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. This disease occurs as a result of abnormal growth of epithelial cells of the cervix and may eventually spread to other organs. Keywords: cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV), Pap test, HPV test, colposcopy Reasons The main cause of cervical cancer is infection caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). High-risk HPV types (for example, types 16 and 18) play an important role in the development of this disease. Other factors include: • The beginning of sexual activity at an early age; * Having multiple sexual partners; * Weakened immune system; • Smoking; * Poor nutrition and lack of vitamins. Symptoms Cervical cancer in its early stages may not show any obvious symptoms. However, in the later stages, the following symptoms may occur:: * Menstrual cycle disorders; * Bleeding during or after sex; • Lower abdominal pain; * Vaginal discharge with mixed blood; * Problems with urination. Modern Diagnostic Methods Выпуск журнала №-19 Часть–3_ Февраль –2025 339 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT Modern diagnostic methods are very important in the diagnosis of cervical cancer. The following methods are most often used: 1. PAP test (Pap test): This test is the main method for detecting changes in epithelial cells. It is widely used because it is simple and inexpensive. 2. HPV testing: This is a molecular test designed to identify high-risk virus types. The degree of accuracy increases when used in combination with the pap test. 3. Liquidity-based cytology: Unlike traditional PAP smear, in this method, cells are stored in a special liquid and examined more fully. 4. Colposcopy: Using a colposcope, the visible part of the cervix is enlarged and suspicious changes are detected. If necessary, take a biopsy. 5. Biopsy: Small tissue samples are taken from the cervix and examined under a microscope. This will help confirm the accuracy and stage of the cancer. 6. Investigation of molecular markers: Biomarkers such as p16ink4a and Ki-67 are used to detect changes in cells. 7. MRI and CT scan: Helps to assess the spread of the disease to other organs and make a treatment plan. Treatment Treatment options for cervical cancer depend on the stage of the disease and the patient's general health. The main methods are as follows: 1. Surgery: surgery is performed to remove the tumor. 2. Radiation therapy: Radiation rays are used to destroy cancer cells. 3. Chemotherapy: stop the growth of cancer cells with special medications. 4. Immunotherapy: The body fights cancer by strengthening the immune system. Выпуск журнала №-19 Часть–3_ Февраль –2025 340 MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT Modern Prevention Modern prevention of cervical cancer includes the following methods:: 1. The HPV vaccine: Vaccines such as Gardasil and Cervarix provide effective protection against high-risk HPV types. Vaccination is usually recommended for girls and women between the ages of 9 and 26. 2. Regular screening tests: A Pap test is an opportunity for early detection of the disease using HPV tests. This method is considered very important as a preventive measure. 3. Transformation zone monitoring: Regular monitoring of changes in the transformation zone and obtaining a biopsy as needed reduces the risk. 4. Protected sex life: Using condoms reduces the risk of HPV infection, but does not provide complete protection. Therefore, it is recommended to use it together with the vaccine. 5. Quitting smoking: Smoking weakens the immune system and increases the risk of developing cancer after HPV infection. 6. Improving nutrition: A healthy diet, especially the consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants, strengthens the immune system and slows down cellular changes. 7. Education and awareness: Providing women with information about the risks, symptoms, and methods of preventing cervical cancer plays an important role in preventing the disease.